The recommendations for evaluation and management of pediatric patients with UTIs are summarized in Table 5. These recommendations were designed to minimize the risk of kidney damage in children with UTIs based on current perceptions of the pathogenesis of renal injury. The children at greatest risk for kidney damage are the infants and young children with febrile UTIs in whom effective treatment is delayed, those with gross VUR, and those with anatomic or neurogenic urinary tract obstruction. These recommendations likely will be modified as more is learned about the pathogenesis of renal injury associated with UTIs, as new therapeutic approaches are developed, and as imaging technology improves.