Between 1976 and 1988 an antireflux procedure (ARP) was performed in 364 infants and children (Nissen, 358; Thal, 6). Recurrent gastroesophageal reflux (GER) necessitating reoperation occurred in 21 patients, a failure rate of 6%. Recurrent GER developed within 28 months of primary ARP in 18 (86%) children. The symptoms of GER became apparent following an episode of forceful emesis in 29% of patients, half of whom had a malpositioned gastrostomy tube. Recurrent GER developed in 28% of children with corrected esophageal atresia. A definitive etiology of ARP failure was identified in 18 (86%) cases: "slipped" fundoplication (15), no fundoplication visualized (2), and paraesophageal hernia (1). Perioperative morbidity, intraoperative blood loss, and length of surgery were significantly increased for secondary ARP. Mortality following reoperation was zero, but three late deaths occurred. Long-term control of GER has been achieved in 78% of children following the second operation.