Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
ARTICLESPsychiatric Disorders in First-Degree Relatives of Children With Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS)
Section snippets
Subjects
Fifty-four children admitted to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) studies of PANDAS were identified as probands for this study. The children and adolescents were referred through mental health professionals, pediatricians, neurologists, the Obsessive Compulsive Foundation, and the Tourette Syndrome Association. Inclusion criteria were the same as defined in the original PANDAS subgroup (Swedo et al., 1998): (1) a tic disorder and/or OCD fulfilling diagnostic criteria of DSM-III-R (
RESULTS
The rates of OCD, subclinical OCD, OCPD, and tic disorders are shown in TABLE 1, TABLE 2 for parents and siblings, respectively. Of the 15 parents (15%) who met criteria for the diagnosis of OCD, 5 reported a childhood onset (before age 12), 5 reported an adolescent onset (13-18 years), 2 dated the beginning of their OCD to adulthood, and 3 were not able to recall the age of onset of their OCD. Only 2 siblings received an OCD diagnosis; this number is too small to allow the use of age
DISCUSSION
The rates of OCD found in the first-degree relatives of PANDAS probands (12% total; 15% in parents; 5% in siblings) were similar to the rates of OCD in first-degree relatives of child and adolescent OCD probands reported by Lenane and colleagues (1990) (8% total; 17% in parents; 5% in siblings), and Riddle et al. (1990) (11% in biological parents). The familial frequency was also similar to that found by Pauls et al. (1995) in first-degree relatives of adult probands (10%), perhaps because more
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The authors acknowledge the contributions of Marge Lenane, L.C.S.W.; the statistical expertise of Lynn Goldin, Ph.D., and Susan Hamburger, M.S., M.A.; and the valuable assistance of Karen Kaczynski, Molly Henry, and Eva Levine.