Elsevier

Child Abuse & Neglect

Volume 28, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 9-23
Child Abuse & Neglect

The incidence of infant physical abuse in Alaska

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.03.002Get rights and content

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the incidence of and risk factors associated with infant (<1 year of age) physical abuse in Alaska.

Methods: A population-based retrospective cohort study for the 1994–2000 resident birth cohort was conducted by linking data from birth certificates, Child Protective Services, a statewide hospital-based trauma registry, hospital discharge data, and the Alaska Infant Mortality Review (including death certificates). The main outcome measures were the incidences of overall physical abuse and abuse resulting in hospitalization or death. A case of child abuse was defined as an instance of substantiated physical abuse to an infant identified in the Child Protective Services database or an infant death with homicide identified on the death certificate as the manner of death.

Results: During the 7-year study period, there were 70,842 births and 325 cases of physical abuse including 72 that led to hospitalization (n=58), death (n=4), or both (n=10); respective incidences for all abuse and abuse leading to hospitalization or death were 4.6 and 1.0 per 1000 live births. Following multivariate analyses, the risk factors with the highest population attributable risks were maternal or paternal education ≤12 years, unmarried mother, and maternal prenatal substance use. To determine if the study methodology was likely to have missed cases of severe abuse, we examined information for all 216 infants hospitalized for trauma during the study period who did not have identification of abuse in one of the study databases; of these, at least 39 had injuries inconsistent with the reported mechanism (a long bone or skull fracture that reportedly resulted from a fall of less than 3 feet or from a caretaker’s arms or for which the caretaker denied a history of trauma).

Conclusions: Alaska has one of the highest documented infant physical abuse incidences reported in the literature and abuse is associated with potentially modifiable—primarily social—risk factors. Despite this high incidence, substantial under-reporting of hospitalized cases likely occurs.

Résumé

Objectifs: Déterminer l’incidence et les facteurs de risque associés aux mauvais traitements physiques envers les jeunes enfants (>un an ) en Alaska.

Méthode: Une étude rétrospective a été menée sur une cohorte issue de toute la population sur les naissances chez des résidents de 1994 à 2000. On a relié des données venant des certificats de naissances, des services de protection de l’Enfance, d’un registre portant sur les traumatismes enregistrés à l’hopital dans tout l’Etat, les données des décharges après hospitalisation, ainsi que du registre des décès des enfants (incluant les certificats de décès). Les principales mesures qui ont été relevées ont concerné l’incidence des sévices physiques en général et des sévices dont le résultat a été une hospitalisation ou un décès. On a défini un cas de mauvais traitement à enfant comme étant un mauvais traitement physique, avec preuve identifié, dans la base de données des services de Protection de l’Enfance ou le décès d’un enfant par infanticide ceci étant identifié sur le certificat de décès comme cause de la mort.

Résultats: Pendant les 7 années qu’a duré l’étude, 70,842 naissances ont eu lieu. Sur 325 cas de sévices physiques, 72 ont nécessité une hospitalisation (n=58), ont entraı̂né la mort (n=4), ou les deux (n=10). L’incidence de tous les mauvais traitements et de ceux qui ont mené à une hospitalisation ou à la mort a été de 4.6 et 1.0 pour 1000 naissance d’enfants vivants. Après des analyses à plusieurs variables, on a trouvé que les facteurs de risque les plus élevés pour la population étaient le niveau d’éducation du père ou de la mère inférieur ou égal à 12 ans, mère seule, ou abus par la mère de consommation de drogues pendant sa grossesse. Pour déterminer si la méthodologie de l’étude avait été cause de l’exclusion de cas graves de mauvais traitements, nous avons examiné les informations concernant tous les 216 enfants hospitalisés pour traumatisme pendant la durée de l’étude et qui n’avaient pas été identifiés comme maltraités dans l’une des bases de données de l’étude. Parmi ceux-ci, au moins 39 avaient des blessures qui ne concordaient pas avec le mécanisme signalé (fracture d’un os long ou du crâne signalée comme résultant d’une chute de moins d’un mètre ou chute des bras d’une gardienne qui avait nié toute notion d’un traumatisme).

Conclusions: En Alaska il y a la plus haute fréquence dans toute la littérature de cas prouvés de jeunes enfants maltraités physiquement, ces cas sont associés à des facteurs de risque, surtout sociaux, potentiellement modifiables. Malgré cette fréquence élévée, il semble que les cas hospitalisés soient, dans une proportion importante, non signalés.

Resumen

Objetivos: Determinar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo asociados al maltrato fı́sico de niños/as (<1 año de edad) en Alaska.

Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes de la población teniendo en cuenta datos de certificados de nacimiento, Servicios de Protección Infantil, un registro estatal hospitalario de traumas, datos de registros hospitalarios, y la revisión de mortandad infantil de Alaska (incluidos los certificados de defunción). Las medidas principales de resultados fueron la incidencia de maltrato fı́sico en general y el maltrato producido por una hospitalización o la muerte. Se definió un caso de maltrato infantil como la confirmación de un caso de maltrato fı́sico a un niño/a que está identificado en la base de datos de los Servicios de Protección Infantil o una muerte infantil por orfandad identificada con homicidio en un certificado de defunción.

Resultados: Durante los 7 años en los que tuvo lugar el estudio, hubo 70,842 nacimientos y 325 casos de maltrato infantil, incluidos los 72 que conllevaron hospitalización (n=58), muerte (n=4), o ambos (n=10); las incidencias tanto de maltrato como de maltrato que conllevó hospitalización o muerte fueron de 4.6 y 1.0 por 1000 nacimientos respectivamente. Los análisis multivariados, muestran que los factores de riesgo de los riesgos atribuibles a la mayor población fueron la educación maternal o parental ≤12 años, madre no casada, y abuso materno prenatal de sustancias. Para determinar si la metodologı́a de este estudio presentaba probabilidad de tener casos perdidos con maltrato severo, examinamos información de todos los 216 niños/as hospitalizados por trauma durante el perı́odo que tuvo lugar el estudio, niños/as que no habı́an sido identificados como casos de maltrato en ninguna de las bases de datos del estudio; de estos, al menos 39 casos presentaban inconsistencias en cómo se produjo el daño que presentaban los niños/as (una fractura ósea de carácter severo que se decı́a que habı́a sido provocada por una caı́da de menos de un metro o de los brazos de un cuidador o por el que el cuidador negaba una historia de trauma).

Conclusiones: Alaska tiene una de las incidencias de maltrato infantil, documentadas en la literatura, más altas y el maltrato está asociado a factores de riesgo potencialmente modificables—principalmente a nivel social. A pesar de la alta incidencia, la no notificación de casos hospitalizados ocurre frecuentemente.

Introduction

Although some studies have evaluated the incidence of infant (less than 1 year of age) physical abuse resulting in death (Siegel et al., 1996) or hospitalization (Barlow & Minns, 2000, Forjuoh, 2000, Jayawant et al., 1998), their number is small. Moreover, none has conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the incidence of all physical abuse resulting in hospitalization, death, or substantiation by Child Protective Services. Similarly, few population-based studies have evaluated the incidence of infant physical abuse among high-risk groups (Overpeck, Brenner, Trumble, Trifiletti, & Berendes, 1998). The former information is necessary for helping to prioritize resources while the latter is necessary for designing intervention programs. The current study reports the incidence of infant physical abuse in Alaska during the 7-year period 1994–2000 by linking birth certificate data with data from Child Protective Services, an Infant Mortality database (including death certificates), a statewide hospital-based trauma registry, and a hospital discharge database for the state’s only pediatric tertiary care center.

Section snippets

Child Protective Services

The Alaska Division of Family and Youth Services, the state’s Child Protective Services agency, provided a database of all cases of infant physical abuse perpetrated by a primary caretaker. Child Protective Services does not have jurisdiction over abuse committed by other persons, such as babysitters; consequently, these cases may have been missed. Alaska Statutes define child physical abuse as the physical injury of a child under the age of 18 years by a person under circumstances that

Overall incidence and age distribution

During 1994–2000, there were 325 instances of documented physical abuse that occurred to 314 infants (4.6 per 1000 live births). Of the 325 instances of abuse, Child Protective Services substantiated 301. Fifty-eight episodes involved hospitalization and survival, 10 episodes led to hospitalization followed by death, and 4 episodes involved death without hospitalization. In summary, there were 72 episodes (each involving a unique infant) of hospitalization or death (1.0 per 1000 live births),

Incidence

Among the few population-based incidence studies in the literature, different outcomes have been measured, and none has included Child Protective Services findings, making comparisons with the current study difficult. Although no studies using identical methodology to the current study were identified, some reported identical outcomes, allowing for a rough point of comparison. For example, Alaska had an incidence 50% higher for infant abuse resulting in hospitalization (.96 per 1000 live

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge Phillip Mitchell, Alaska Bureau of Vital Statistics, for his preparation of birth certificate data.

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