Archival ReportPre- and Perinatal Risk Factors in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Section snippets
Materials and Methods
We performed, on the basis of data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN), a population-based nested case-control study, where cases were 2323 adult ADHD patients and control subjects were the remaining general population registered in the MBRN, born in the same time period (1967–1987) and surviving into adulthood (n = approximately 1.17 million).
Sociodemographic Data
Table 1 shows that the proportion of men was higher among ADHD patients than in the general population and that patients on average were younger (i.e., a higher proportion was born in the later years of the study period). The mean age of the ADHD patients at the time of inclusion into the study was 31.2 years, compared with 32.6 years for the rest of the birth cohort (SDs 5.8 and 6.1, respectively, p < .001, t test, independent samples). Furthermore, patients more often had the lowest level of
Discussion
This population-based investigation is the largest study on pre- and perinatal risk factors for ADHD and the first performed on adults clinically diagnosed with ADHD. Intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, LBW, and low Apgar scores were associated with an increased risk of ADHD in a national birth cohort of adults. The study thus confirms earlier findings on children with ADHD, and further expands the evidence that intrauterine factors play a role in the risk of developing ADHD that
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