Trends in incidence of testicular cancer in Norway 1955–1992

doi:10.1016/0959-8049(95)00321-5

European Journal of Cancer

Volume 31, Issue 12, November 1995, Pages 2044-2048

https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(95)00321-5 Get rights and content

Abstract

The aim of this study was to explore the incidence of testicular cancer (TC) in Norway, and thereby to increase the understanCling of aetiological factors. From 1955 to 1992, a total number of 3927 TC cases were recorded in Norway, of which 51% were seminomas, 45% non-seminomas and 4% other and unspecified types. The age-standardised incidence rate increased from 2.7 to 8.5 per 100000. The age-specific incidence rate increased in all age groups, but was most marked in the younger population. The significance of birth cohort as a risk factor for development of TC was confirmed. The incidence by birth cohorts from 1916 to 1970 showed an increase by later birth cohorts during the whole period, with the exception of a marked fall for the cohort born during the Second World War. The largest increase occurred after the war. We conclude that environmental factors acting very early in life are of significance in the development of TC.

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Cited by (94)

Neoplasms of the Testis
2020, Urologic Surgical Pathology
Although weighing only about 19 grams, the testis is responsible for a complex array of neoplasms. The rapidly proliferating spermatogenic cells give rise to the majority of testicular tumors, 95% of which are of germ cell derivation. Most are malignant and usually occur in young men, but they can be cured by current therapies; therefore accurate diagnosis is essential. The supporting cells and interstitial cells of the testis are responsible for the less common sex cord–stromal tumors that compose a disproportionate number of diagnostic problems. Some of these are associated with clinical syndromes that may be suspected based on the testicular pathology. A number of tumors of soft tissue origin may be identified in the paratestis, and secondary tumors are relatively frequent in both the testis and paratestis. The spectrum of lesions and the capacity of many tumors to mimic others make testicular neoplasia a continuing challenge to surgical pathologists, and this topic has been the subject of several recent reviews.
Testicular cancer colombian guide
2016, Urologia Colombiana
Haemoperitoneum as initial clinical manifestation of testicular tumour
2016, Urologia Colombiana
: El cáncer testicular es una enfermedad con una frecuencia que oscila entre el 1-1,5% de los tumores masculinos, pero es el tumor sólido más común en hombres entre los 15 y 34 años de edad. Su tasa de curación es alta con el tratamiento y seguimiento adecuados, reportándose una baja tasa de mortalidad para la población adulta joven. Los tumores testiculares usualmente se manifiestan clínicamente por masa testicular indolora. En este caso reportamos una presentación clínica inicial poco común.
Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de sexo masculino, 28 años de edad, evaluado inicialmente por dolor abdominal y remitido con diagnóstico de abdomen quirúrgico secundario a apendicitis; se le llevó a cirugía, encontrando gran hemoperitoneo secundario a metástasis hepáticas sangrantes. En estudios de extensión se documentó masa retroperitoneal y masa testicular izquierda, razón por la cual se llegó al diagnóstico de tumor testicular y se realizó el tratamiento apropiado.
El paciente fue tratado por un grupo multidisciplinario en el cual participaron: urología oncológica, radiología, cirugía general y oncología clínica. Presentó evolución postoperatoria satisfactoria, posterior a la cual recibió quimioterapia con adecuada evolución clínica.
La presentación inicial con hemoperitoneo no es común en los pacientes con tumor testicular, pero debe sospecharse ante sangrados abdominales y retroperitoneales espontáneos, pues su diagnóstico e intervención a tiempo son fundamentales para mejorar la supervivencia de los pacientes.
Testicular cancer has a frequency of between 1-1.5% of all male tumours. It is the most common solid tumour in males between 15 and 34 years old, and it has a high overall survival with correct treatment and follow-up. For this reason it has a low mortality rate in young adults. The case is reported of an uncommon presentation of testicular cancer.
The case is presented of a 28 year-old male patient, evaluated for abdominal pain and referred with a diagnosis of acute abdomen due to appendicitis. A massive haemoperitoneum from a bleeding liver metastasis was found during surgery. Extension studies documented retroperitoneal mass and left testicular mass. Testicular tumour was diagnosed and appropriate treatment was performed.
The patient was treated by a multidisciplinary group that included oncological urology, radiology, surgery, and clinical oncology. He had a satisfactory post-operative outcome, and received chemotherapy with good clinical progress.
The initial presentation as haemoperitoneum is uncommon in patients with testicular tumour, but should be suspected in spontaneous abdominal and retroperitoneal bleeding. A timely diagnosis and intervention are critical to improve survival in these patients.
Public awareness of testicular cancer and self-examination in Turkey: A multicenter study of Turkish Urooncology Society
2013, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations
Citation Excerpt :
The main factors contributing to this are careful staging at the time of diagnosis; adequate early treatment based on chemotherapeutic combinations, with or without radiotherapy and surgery (radical orchiectomy), and very strict follow-up and salvage therapies [1]. In the last decade, a decrease in the mean time delay to diagnosis and to treatment has been observed [2]. Testicular self examination (TSE) is the method for early detection of the physical abnormalities in the testis.
Testicular self-examination is the easiest and cheapest way to scan testicular cancer. However, the public awareness about testicular self-examination is very low. We aimed to investigate the public awareness of Turkish people about testicular cancer and testicular self-examination.
We performed a survey consisting of 10 questions concerning testicular cancer and testicular self-examination in 799 students in the first year of 12 different medical schools. Aiming for a common method of data collection, the questionnaires were administered to the students during a class just before the lesson started. The whole data from all of the centers were pooled in a common data-base file.
Eighty-nine (11.1%) of the participants reported that they had knowledge about testicular cancer, but only 11 (1.4%) of them answered all the questions about testicular cancer correctly. Eight (1%) of the participants reported that they had been performing testicular self-examination routinely once a month. Four (0.5%) of them were both well informed about testicular cancer and had been performing testicular self-examination once a month as suggested.
The present study showed that awareness on testicular cancer and testicular self-examination is very low and suggests a need for efforts in Turkey to increase public awareness and education.
Is it necessary to place a surgical clamp early in the spermatic cord during testicular examination via inguinal approach?
2012, Actas Urologicas Espanolas
Se evalúa la presencia de células tumorales en el cordón espermático en pacientes sometidos a exploración testicular inguinal, con intención de avalar si la colocación de una pinza en el mismo resulta necesaria para evitar la diseminación tumoral.
Durante dos años se realizó exploración testicular inguinal a 38 pacientes con diagnóstico de masa testicular. En todos los pacientes se evaluó la presencia de células tumorales en los vasos sanguíneos o linfáticos del cordón.
Existió neoplasia testicular en 28 pacientes (20 seminoma, 5 tumor mixto y tres carcinoma embrionario) con una edad promedio de 42 años (rango 21-82). Fueron T1N0M0 21 casos, T1N1M0 tres, T2N0M0 dos y T2N1M0 dos, respectivamente. Independientemente del estadio y estirpe tumoral, en ninguno de los casos el examen de anatomía patológica evidencio células tumorales en los vasos del cordón.
En nuestra casuística parece que el gesto quirúrgico consistente en colocar una pinza precozmente en el cordón carece de fundamento científico. Sin embargo, este estudio tampoco permite afirmar que no realizar esta maniobra durante el procedimiento quirúrgico sea oncológicamente seguro. Se establece así un precedente para realizar estudios con mayor número de pacientes que permitan corroborar esta observación, lo que redundará en técnicas quirúrgicas menos traumáticas y seguras que permitan preservar el testículo y su funcionalidad.
The presence of tumor cells in the spermatic cord was evaluated in patients undergoing inguinal testis study in order to assure if the placement of a clamp in it was necessary to avoid tumor dissemination.
Inguinal testis studies were performed over a two year period in 38 patients diagnosed of testicular mass. The presence of tumor cells in blood vessels or lymph nodes of the cord was evaluated in all of the patients.
Testicular tumors were found in 28 patients (20 seminoma, 5 mixed tumor and 3 embryonal) with an average age of 42 (range 21-82) years. There were T1N0M0 21; T1N1M0 3; T2N0M0 2 and T2N1M0 2 cases, respectively. Independently of the stage and tumor lineage, tumor cells in the cord vessels were not observed in any of the cases through the pathology study.
In our causistics, it seems that the surgical act consisting in the placement of a clamp early in the cord lacks a scientific foundation. However, this study does not make it possible to state that not performing this maneuver during the surgical procedure is oncologically safe. Thus, a precedent is established to perform studies with a larger number of patients that will make it possible to corroborate this observation. This would result in less traumatic and safer surgical techniques that would allow conserving the testis and its functionality.
Diagnosis, staging, and risk factors: SIU/ICUD consensus meeting on germ cell tumors (GCT), Shanghai 2009
2011, Urology
Citation Excerpt :
However, negative marker levels do not exclude the diagnosis of a germ cell tumor. Globally, an increase in these markers occurs in 51% of testicular cancer cases.16,29 AFP increases in 50%-70% of patients with nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT), and an increase in hCG is seen in 40%-60% of patients with NSGCT.

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European Journal of Cancer

Abstract

References (25)

The epidemiology of testicular cancer in young adults

Am J Epidemiol

Testicular cancer risk in boys with maldescended testis. A cohort study

J Urol

Birth order and risk of testicular cancer

Cancer Causes Control

The possible role of sex hormones in the development of testicular cancer

Eur Urol

The effect of in utero ethinyl oestradiol exposure on the risk of cryptorchid testis and testicular teratoma in mice

Br J Cancer

Aetiology and epidemiology of testicular cancer: report of the Consensus Group

EORTC Genitourinary Group Monograph 7: Prostate Cancer and Testicular Cancer

Clues to the aetiology of testicular germ cell tumours from descriptive epidemiology

Eur Urol

Testicular cancer in nine northern European countries

Int J Cancer

Statistical Survey 1948

Cited by (94)

Neoplasms of the Testis

Testicular cancer colombian guide

Haemoperitoneum as initial clinical manifestation of testicular tumour

Public awareness of testicular cancer and self-examination in Turkey: A multicenter study of Turkish Urooncology Society

Is it necessary to place a surgical clamp early in the spermatic cord during testicular examination via inguinal approach?

Diagnosis, staging, and risk factors: SIU/ICUD consensus meeting on germ cell tumors (GCT), Shanghai 2009

Original paperTrends in incidence of testicular cancer in Norway 1955–1992

Abstract

The epidemiology of testicular cancer in young adults

Am J Epidemiol

Testicular cancer risk in boys with maldescended testis. A cohort study

J Urol

Birth order and risk of testicular cancer

Cancer Causes Control

The possible role of sex hormones in the development of testicular cancer

Eur Urol

The effect of in utero ethinyl oestradiol exposure on the risk of cryptorchid testis and testicular teratoma in mice

Br J Cancer

Aetiology and epidemiology of testicular cancer: report of the Consensus Group

EORTC Genitourinary Group Monograph 7: Prostate Cancer and Testicular Cancer

Clues to the aetiology of testicular germ cell tumours from descriptive epidemiology

Eur Urol

Testicular cancer in nine northern European countries

Int J Cancer

Statistical Survey 1948

Original paper
Trends in incidence of testicular cancer in Norway 1955–1992