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An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children

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Abstract

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) emerged during the last decade as a disease largely of complement dysregulation. This advance facilitated the development of novel, rational treatment options targeting terminal complement activation, e.g., using an anti-C5 antibody (eculizumab). We review treatment and patient management issues related to this therapeutic approach. We present consensus clinical practice recommendations generated by HUS International, an international expert group of clinicians and basic scientists with a focused interest in HUS. We aim to address the following questions of high relevance to daily clinical practice: Which complement investigations should be done and when? What is the importance of anti-factor H antibody detection? Who should be treated with eculizumab? Is plasma exchange therapy still needed? When should eculizumab therapy be initiated? How and when should complement blockade be monitored? Can the approved treatment schedule be modified? What approach should be taken to kidney and/or combined liver–kidney transplantation? How should we limit the risk of meningococcal infection under complement blockade therapy? A pressing question today regards the treatment duration. We discuss the need for prospective studies to establish evidence-based criteria for the continuation or cessation of anticomplement therapy in patients with and without identified complement mutations.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank DR MK Taha, Institute Pasteur, Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit and National Reference Centre for Meningococci, Paris, France, for his helpful insights on the debate of meningococcal infection prophylaxis

Authors contribution

C. Loirat, F. Fakhouri and V. Fremeaux-Bacchi participated in the concept, design and writing of the article. C. Loirat, V. Fremeaux-Bacchi, G. Ariceta, S. Johnson, AL. Lapeyraque, and C. Nester participated to a meeting in Paris on February 26, 2014, to define the domains requiring discussion and consensus.

Four critical revisions of the article and consensus approval of the final version was given by the authors indicated above and by M. Bitzan, R. Coppo, F. Emma, D. Karpman, D. Landau, C.B. Langman, C. Licht, M. Riedl, N. van de Kar and M. Vivarelli. N. Besbas, A. Bjerre, C. Pecoraro and J. van de Walle gave approval of the revisions and final version. All authors except F. Fakhouri and V. Fremeaux-Bacchi are members of HUS International.

Declaration of interests

The following authors declare interests. G. Ariceta, F. Fakhouri, V. Fremeaux-Bacchi, S. Johnson, D. Landau, AL. Lapeyraque, C. Licht, C. Loirat and N. van de Kar have served on Advisory Boards and/or teaching courses for Alexion Pharmaceuticals. C. Licht received research grants from Alexion Pharmaceuticals. D. Karpman, C. Licht and C. Loirat were the national coordinators of the multi-center Eculizumab trials in aHUS in Sweden, Canada and France, respectively. G. Ariceta, F. Fakhouri, V. Fremeaux-Bacchi, S. Johnson, C. Licht and J. van de Valle are members of the Scientific Advisory Board of the International aHUS Registry of Alexion Pharmaceuticals. M. Bitzan and C. Loirat were scientific advisers for Thallion Pharmaceuticals. C. Licht served on Advisory Board of Achillon Pharmaceuticals.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France

    Chantal Loirat

  2. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Department of Nephrology and Immunology, ITUN and INSERM UMR S-1064, Nantes, France

    Fadi Fakhouri

  3. Pediatric Nephrology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, Autonoma University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Gema Ariceta

  4. Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

    Nesrin Besbas

  5. Division of Nephrology, Montreal Children’s Hospital and Mc Gill University, Montreal, Canada

    Martin Bitzan

  6. Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway

    Anna Bjerre

  7. City of the Health and the Science of Turin Health Agency, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, Turin, Italy

    Rosanna Coppo

  8. Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy

    Francesco Emma & Marina Vivarelli

  9. Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK

    Sally Johnson

  10. Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Diana Karpman

  11. Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel

    Daniel Landau

  12. The Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Craig B Langman

  13. Service de Néphrologie, Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

    Anne-Laure Lapeyraque

  14. The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

    Christoph Licht

  15. Departments of Internal Medicine and the Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

    Carla Nester

  16. Santobono Children’s Hospital, Naples, Italy

    Carmine Pecoraro

  17. Department of Pediatrics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria

    Magdalena Riedl

  18. Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Nicole C. A. J. van de Kar

  19. University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium

    Johan Van de Walle

  20. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratory of Immunology, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris, France

    Véronique Frémeaux-Bacchi

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Loirat, C., Fakhouri, F., Ariceta, G. et al. An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Pediatr Nephrol 31, 15–39 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8

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