Table 3

Association between maturity and SGA/IUGR combinations and different outcomes

Ref	Outcomes	Population	Exposures					Reference			Effect size (CI), direction of association
Ref	Outcomes	Population	PT SGA	PT AGA	T IUGR	T SGA	T LBW	T AGA	T NBW	T
48	Neonatal mortality	≤28 days	<34					X			OR=56.97 (11.1 to 291.7)
48	Neonatal mortality	≤28 days		<34				X			OR=74.9 (32.6 to 171.7)
48	Neonatal mortality	≤28 days	34–36					X			OR=19.88 (8.3 to 47.5)
48	Neonatal mortality	≤28 days		34–36				X			OR=3.18 (1.0 to 10.7)
48	Neonatal mortality	≤28 days				X		X			OR=2.23 (1.2 to 4.10)
46	Neonatal mortality	<28 days	X					X			RR=15.42 (9.11 to 26.1)
46	Neonatal mortality	<28 days		X				X			RR=8.05 (3.88 to 16.72)
46	Neonatal mortality	<28 days				X		X			RR=2.44 (1.67 to 3.57)
46	Early neonatal mortality	<7 days	X					X			RR=17.19 (9.57 to 30.91)
46	Early neonatal mortality	<7 days		X				X			RR=7.59 (3.38 to 17.08)
46	Early neonatal mortality	<7 days				X		X			RR=2.76 (1.82 to 4.18)
46	Late neonatal mortality	8–28 days	X					X			RR=17.37 (10.27 to 29.37)
46	Late neonatal mortality	8–28 days		X				X			RR=5.60 (2.75 to 11.43)
46	Late neonatal mortality	8–28 days				X		X			RR=2.45 (1.7 to 3.51)
46	Postneonatal mortality	29–365 days	X					X			RR=5.22 (2.8 to 9.64)
46	Postneonatal mortality	29–365 days		X				X			RR=2.72 (1.5 to 4.79)
46	Postneonatal mortality	29–365 days				X		X			RR=1.98 (1.39 to 2.81)
46	Infant mortality	<365 days	X					X			RR=9.24 (4.33 to 19.71)
46	Infant mortality	<365 days		X				X			RR=5.30 (2.39 to 11.76)
46	Infant mortality	<365 days				X		X			RR=2.28 (1.52 to 3.41)
160	Wasting	12–60 months	X					X			aOR=4.19 (2.90 to 6.05)
160	Wasting	12–60 months		X				X			aOR=1.96 (1.46 to 2.63)
160	Wasting	12–60 months				X		X			aOR=2.52 (2.27 to 2.80)
160	Stunting	12–60 months	X					X			aOR=4.51 (3.42 to 5.93)
160	Stunting	12–60 months		X				X			aOR=1.93 (1.71 to 2.18)
160	Stunting	12–60 months				X		X			aOR=2.43 (2.22 to 2.66)
160	Undernutrition	12–60 months	X					X			aOR=5.35 (4.39 to 6.53)
160	Undernutrition	12–60 months		X				X			aOR=2.07 (1.76 to 2.44)
160	Undernutrition	12–60 months				X		X			aOR=3.17 (2.78 to 3.62)
174	Motor	<7 years	X					X			aSMD=−0.15 (−0.40 to 0.09)
174	Motor	<7 years		X				X			aSMD=−0.23 (−0.42 to –0.03)
174	Motor	<7 years				X		X			aSMD=−0.007 (−0.08 to 0.06)
174	Cognitive	<7 years	X					X			aSMD=−0.17 (−0.29 to –0.05)
174	Cognitive	<7 years		X				X			aSMD=−0.14 (−0.24 to –0.05)
174	Cognitive	<7 years				X		X			aSMD=−0.02 (−0.10 to 0.06)
174	Language	<7 years		X				X			aSMD=−0.02 (−0.23 to 0.19)
174	Language	<7 years				X		X			aSMD=−0.03 (−0.12 to 0.06)
172	Cerebral palsy	Neonates	X					X			OR=2.34 (1.43 to 3.82)
42	Neonatal mortality	Neonates				X		X			OR=4.11 (3.70 to 4.56)
42	Non-neurological neonatal morbidity	Neonates				X		X			OR=2.98 (1.58 to 5.61)
42	Neonatal morbidity: neurological	Neonates				X		X			OR=2.12 (1.56 to 2.91)
43	Morbidly composite	1–18 years				X		X			OR=1.49 (1.02 to 2.1)
43	Morbidly composite	1–18 years					X		X		OR=0.98 (0.87 to 1.10)
43	Learning difficulties or learning disabilities	12 months–18 years				X		X			OR=2.03 (1.65 to 2.50)
43	Obesity	2–18 years				X		X			OR=0.94 (0.59 to 1.49)
43	Obesity	6–11 years					X		X		OR=0.90 (0.50 to 1.64)
43	Hypertension	3–16 years					X		X		OR=0.98 (0.8 to 1.12)
44	Neurodevelopmental scores (high scores)	40 weeks–10 years				X		X			Largest SMD=−0.32 (−0.38 to –0.25)
44	Neurodevelopmental scores (low scores)	40 weeks–10y ears				X		X			Smallest SMD=−0.31 (−0.38 to –0.25)
45	Cognitive score	0.16–10.0 years			X	XI		X			SMDH=−0.39 (−0.50 to –0.28)
45	Cognitive score	0.16–10.0 years				X		X			SMDH=−0.34 (−0.45 to –0.22)
45	Cognitive score	2.0–9.5 years			X	I		X			SMDH=−0.58 (−0.82 to –0.35)
45	Borderline intellectual impairment	Child				X		X			OR=1.75 (1.50 to 2.04)
84	Systolic blood pressure	Child/adult	X					X			MD=2.00 (0.21 to 3.78)
84	Systolic blood pressure	Child/adult		X				X			MD=1.46 (0.13 to 2.79)
84	Diastolic blood pressure	Child/adult	X					X			MD=1.39 (0.00 to 2.78)
84	Diastolic blood pressure	Child/adult		X				X			MD=1.22 (0.19 to 2.25)
84	High-density lipoprotein	Child/adult	X					X			MD=0.03 (−0.04 to 0.10)
84	High-density lipoprotein	Child/adult		X				X			MD=0.01 (−0.04 to 0.07)
84	Low-density lipoprotein	Child/adult	X					X			MD=0.67 (0.38 to 0.97)
84	Low-density lipoprotein	Child/adult		X				X			MD=0.13 (−0.03 to 0.29)
84	Triglyceride	Child/adult	X					X			MD=0.00 (−0.07 to 0.06)
84	Triglyceride	Child/adult		X				X			MD=−0.04 (−0.09 to 0.02)
84	Insulin	Child/adult	X					X			MD=−1.65 (−3.39 to 0.10)
84	Insulin	Child/adult		X				X			MD=−1.07 (−2.29 to 0.15)
84	BMI	Child/adult	X					X			MD=−0.38 (−0.98 to 0.22)
84	BMI	Child/adult		X				X			MD=0.06 (−0.34 to 0.46)
87	Systolic blood pressure	11.3–41.3 years	X							X	SMD=0.41 (0.12 to 0.70)
87	Systolic blood pressure	11.3–41.3 years		X						X	SMD=0.31 (−0.33 to 0.95)
87	Diastolic blood pressure	11.3–41.3 years	X							X	SMD=0.28 (0.05 to 0.51)
87	Diastolic blood pressure	11.3–41.3 years		X						X	SMD=0.09 (−0.08 to 0.26)
87	Serum creatinine	17.6–22.9 years	X							X	SMD=0.18 (−0.24 to 0.59)
87	Serum creatinine	17.6–22.9 years		X						X	SMD=0.02 (−0.32 to 0.35)

, harmful effect from high to lower risks; , no effect high to lower risk.
Symbols inexposures: X, as defined in exposure; XI, SGA and IUGR (defined in reference 45); I, IUGR (defined in reference 45).
(45) IUGR is defined as antenatal evidence of growth restriction by abnormal middle cerebral artery pulsatility index and umbilical artery pulsatility index, or late onset verified by ultrasound or clinically, or ultrasound and clinical evaluation, or third trimester serial ultrasound.
AGA, appropriate for gestational age; BMI, body mass index; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; LBW, low birth weight; MD, mean difference; NBW, normal body weight; PT, preterm; RR, relative risk; SGA, small for gestational age; SMD, standardised mean difference; SMDH, standardized mean difference for heteroscedastic population variances; T, term.