Table 2

Associations between size at birth and nutrition and growth outcomes

Ref	Exposures (size at birth)												Population	Outcomes	Effect size (CI), direction of the association
Ref	Small							Cont		Large			Population	Outcomes	Effect size (CI), direction of the association
	EPT (<28 weeks)	ELBW (<1000 g)	VPT (<32 weeks)	VLBW (<1500 g)	PT (<37 weeks)	LBW (<2500 g)	SGA (<10th percentile)	BW (cont.)	GA (cont.)	Post term (>41 weeks)	HBW (>4000 g)	LGA (>90th percentile)
														Body composition
155					X								Infants	Length (cm)	MD=−3.71 (−4.60 to –2.81)
85		X											11 years	Height (cm)	z-score difference=−0.92 (−0.03), p<0.001
155					X								Infants	Weight (kg)	MD=−0.59 (−0.75 to –0.44)
85		X											11 years	Weight (kg)	z-score difference=−0.61 (0.18), p<0.001
155					X								Infants	Head circumference (cm)	MD=−1.03 (−1.52 to –0.54)
85		X											11 years	Head circumference (cm)	z-score difference=−1.52 (0.44), p<0.001
85		X											11 years	Body surface area	z-score difference=−0.10 (−0.01), p<0.001
155					X								Infants	Total body fat (%)	MD=3.06 (0.25 to 5.88)
156					X								4–7 years	Total body fat (%)	SMD=−3.05 (−8.73 to 2.62)
155					X								Infants	Fat mass (kg)	MD=−0.05 (−0.09 to –0.01)
155					X								Infants	Fat-free mass (kg)	MD=−0.46 (−0.64 to –0.27)
156					X								4–7 years	Fat mass index	SMD=−1.31 (−5.42 to 2.81)
156					X								4–7 years	Childhood Trunk Fat Index	SMD=1.03 (−1.64 to 3.71)
157							**						At birth	Cord blood adiponectin concentrations	SMD=−1.14 (−2.15 to –0.12)
157							*						At birth	Cord blood adiponectin concentrations	SMD=−1.93 (−4.093 to –0.022)
157							X						At birth	Cord blood adiponectin concentrations	SMD=−0.383 (−0.744 to –0.022)
158							X						0.5 hours–11 days	Total body water (%)	MD=4.40 (2.83 to 5.96)
158									X				6 hours–7 days	Total body water (%)	β=−1.44 (−0.63 to –2.24) per week
158												X	0.5 hours–11 days	Total body water (%)	MD=−5.23 (−4.54 to –5.91)
														Bone mineralisation
159								X					10 years	Bone mass content	β=0.02 (0.01 to 0.04)
159								X					10 years	Bone mass density	β=0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03)
														BMI
84	X												6–32 years	BMI (kg/m²)	MD=−0.50 (−1.10 to 0.09)
84			X										5–30 years	BMI (kg/m²)	MD=−0.30 (−0.54 to –0.05)
84					X								4.5–35.7 years	BMI (kg/m²)	MD=−0.13 (−0.40 to 0.14)
84					X								<10 years	BMI (kg/m²)	MD=−0.70(−1.13 to –2.28)
84					X								<19 years	BMI (kg/m²)	MD=5.20 (−3.82 to 14.21)
84					X								10–19 years	BMI (kg/m²)	MD=−0.25 (−0.76 to 0.26)
91								X_GA					16.0–46.9 years	BMI (kg/m²)	β=0.52 (0.20 to 0.84)/kg increase
91								GA					16.0–46.9 years	BMI (kg/m²)	β=0.51 (−0.08 to 1.11)/kg increase
91								X					16.0–46.9 years	BMI (kg/m²)	β=0.52 (0.17 to 0.86)/kg increase
77					T								0–2 years	BMI trajectory: class 2 (rapid growth to 2 years)	aOR=2.02 (1.49 to 2.74)
77					T								0–6 years	BMI trajectory: class 3 (persistent rapid growth to 6 years)	aOR=1.89 (0.42 to 8.49)
77						◊							0–2 years	BMI trajectory: class 2 (rapid growth)	aOR=1.48 (1.05 to 2.10)
77						◊							0–6 years	BMI trajectory: class 3 (persistent rapid growth)	aOR=0.78 (0.10 to 6.45)
77										X			0–2 years	BMI trajectory: class 2 (rapid growth)	aOR=0.81 (0.68 to 0.96)
77										X			0–6 years	BMI trajectory: class 3 (persistent rapid growth)	aOR=0.48 (0.15 to 1.53)
77											T		0–2 years	BMI trajectory: class 2 (rapid growth)	aOR=0.98 (0.86 to 1.12)
77											T		0–6 years	BMI trajectory: class 3 (persistent rapid growth)	aOR=1.62 (0.88 to 2.99)
														Undernutrition
160					X								12–60 months	Wasting (weight for length/height for age <2 z-scores)	OR=1.55 (1.21 to 1.97)
160						X							12–60 months	Wasting (weight for length/height for age <2 z-scores)	OR=2.68 (2.23 to 3.21)
160							X						12–60 months	Wasting (weight for length/height for age<2 z-scores)	OR=2.36 (2.14 to 2.60)
160					X								12–60 months	Stunting (length/height for age<2 z-scores)	OR=1.69 (1.48 to 1.93)
160						X							12–60 months	Stunting (length/height for age<2 z-scores)	OR=2.92 (2.56 to 3.33)
160							X						12–60 months	Stunting (length/height for age<2 z-scores)	OR=2.32 (2.12 to 2.54)
160					X								12–60 months	Underweight (weight for age less than 2 z-scores)	OR=1.66 (1.42 to 1.95)
160						X							12c60 months	Underweight (weight for age less than 2 z-scores)	OR=3.48 (3.14 to 3.87)
160							X						12–60 months	Underweight (weight for age less than 2 z-scores)	OR=2.96 (2.61 to 3.36)
														Overnutrition
161						X							0–18 years	Overweight	OR=0.60 (0.54 to 0.67)
161								X					1–75 years	Overweight	β=0.34 (0.28 to 0.40)/kg increase
161											X		0–18 years	Overweight	OR=1.76 (1.65 to 1.87)
156					X								6–14 years	Obesity	OR=1.19 (1.13 to 1.26)
162						◊							3–18 years	Obesity	OR=0.87 (0.69 to 1.08)
162						X							1–17 years	Obesity	OR=0.61 (0.46 to 0.80)
162						X							<6 years	Obesity	OR=0.61 (0.43 to 0.88)
162						X							6–13 years	Obesity	OR=0.54 (0.32 to 0.90)
162						X							13–17 years	Obesity	OR=0.74 (0.37 to 1.49)
163								X					7–11 years	Obesity	β=0.649/kg increase
162											◊		1–16 years	Obesity	OR=2.23 (1.91 to 2.61)
162											X		0–17 years	Obesity	OR=2.07 (1.91 to 2.24)
162											X		<6 years	Obesity	OR=2.10 (1.93 to 2.29)
162											X		6–13 years	Obesity	OR=1.76 (1.36 to 2.20)
162											X		13–17 years	Obesity	OR=2.58 (1.56 to 4.26)

Exposures: EPT (<28 weeks), ELBW (<1000 g), VPT (<32 weeks), VLBW (<1500 g), PT (<37 weeks), LBW (<2500 g), SGA (<10th percentile), post term (>41 weeks), HBW (>4000 g) and LGA (>90th percentile).
Symbols in exposures: X, as defined in exposure; X_GA, adjusted and unadjusted for GA; GA, BW adjusted for GA; **, SGA <3rd, 5th and 10th percentile/value×by SD for GA; *, SGA <3rd percentile/value×by SD for GA; ◊, reference category 2500–4000 g; T, reference category GA 37≤term≤41.
Outcomes: , harmful effect; , no effect; , beneficial effect; italic, calculation/post review.
aOR, adjusted OR; BMI, body mass index; BW, birth weight; BW (cont.), birth weight continuous; ELBW, extremely low birth weight; EPT, extremely preterm; GA, gestational age; GA (cont.), gestational age continuous; HBW, high birth weight; LBW, low birth weight; LGA, large for gestational age; MD, mean difference; PT, preterm; SGA, small for gestational age; SMD, standardised mean difference; VLBW, very low birth weight; VPT, very preterm.