Baseline patient characteristics of included patients (N=107)
| High flow (n=55) | Low flow (n=52) | |
| Male sex | 33 (60.0) | 31 (59.6) |
| Age (months), median (IQR) | 4.95 (2.0–10.0) | 3.97 (1.9–10.7) |
| 0–1 | 5 (9.1) | 7 (13.5) |
| 1–3 | 18 (32.7) | 15 (28.8) |
| 3–12 | 22 (40.0) | 19 (36.5) |
| >12 | 10 (18.2) | 11 (21.2) |
| Birth weight (kg), median (IQR)* | 3.4 (3.1–3.8) | 3.4 (2.9–3.8) |
| Gestational age (weeks+days), median (IQR)† | 39+4 (38+2–40+3) | 38+6 (37+4–40+1) |
| < 37+0 weeks | 8 (15.7) | 8 (17.4) |
| Clinical signs at the start of the intervention | ||
| VWS, median (IQR)‡ | 6 (6 – 8) | 7 (6 – 8) |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min), mean (SD)§ | 53 (12) | 53 (14) |
| Heart rate (beats/min), mean (SD)§ | 165 (17) | 165 (19) |
| Retractions¶ | 48 (98) | 50 (100) |
| Severe retractions | 12 (25) | 9 (18) |
| FLACC, median (IQR)** | 3.5 (1.0–5.0) | 4.0 (2.0–5.0) |
| Winter season | ||
| 2016–2017 | 11 (20.0) | 12 (23.1) |
| 2017–2018 | 19 (34.5) | 21 (40.4) |
| 2018–2019 | 12 (21.8) | 8 (15.4) |
| 2019–2020 | 13 (23.6) | 11 (21.2) |
| Study site†† | ||
| 1 | 5 (9.1) | 4 (7.7) |
| 2 | 7 (12.7) | 7 (13.5) |
| 3 | 2 (3.6) | 2 (3.8) |
| 4 | 31 (56.4) | 31 (59.6) |
| 5 | 10 (18.2) | 8 (15.4) |
N (%) unless stated otherwise.
VWS adapted from Fuijkschot et al.18
*Data missing in 15 patients.
†Data missing in 10 patients.
‡Data missing in 2 patients.
§Data missing in 5 patients.
¶Data missing in 8 patients.
**Data missing in 24 patients.
††1=Amphia, Breda; 2=Deventer Ziekenhuis; 3=Ikazia, Rotterdam; 4=Isala, Zwolle; 5=Martini, Groningen.
FLACC, face, legs, activity, cry, consolability; VWS, Vital Warning Score.