Characteristics of studies included in the review
| Diagnosis (n) | Setting (n) | Studies |
| AOM (102 967) | ED (3461) | Boatright 2015 (USA), Palma 2015 (Italy), Rothman 2018 (Israel), Balasundaram 2019 (Australia) |
| GP (15 545) | Pouwels 2018 (UK), Barrera 2019 (USA), Olsen 2020 (Denmark), van Uum 2020 (the Netherlands) | |
| Mixed (78 563) | Coco 2010 (USA), Speets 2011 (Sweden), Yang 2016 (Korea) | |
| Paediatrician (5398) | Levy 2011 (France), Usonis 2016 (Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovenia) | |
| RTI (10 783 966) | ED (319 832) | Doan 2009 (Canada), Angoulvant 2012 (France), Ouldali 2017 (France), Gotta 2017 (Switzerland), Messina 2019 (Italy), Papenburg 2019 (USA), Van De Maat 2019 (the Netherlands), van Houten 2019 (Israel, the Netherlands), Burrowes 2020 (USA), Flood 2020 (USA), Pulia 2020 (USA), Zipursky 2020 (Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, UK, USA) |
| GP (63 362) | Francis 2009 (UK), Biezen 2015 (Australia), Dallas 2016 (Australia), Magin 2016 (Australia), Blair 2017 (UK), Dallas 2017 (Australia), Freer 2017 (UK), Kraus 2017 (Germany), Lindberg 2017 (Norway), Mehta 2017 (UK), Razai 2017 (UK), Ivanovska 2018 (the Netherlands), Maguire 2018 (Ireland), Redmond 2018 (UK), van Vugt 2018 (the Netherlands), Bernardo 2019 (Australia), Patel 2019 (Australia), van Aerde 2021 (the Netherlands) | |
| Mixed (10 357 656) | Nadeem Ahmed 2010 (USA), Hebert 2012 (USA), Ebell 2015 (USA), Malo 2015 (Spain), Al-Tawfiq 2017 (Saudi Arabia), Frost 2018 (USA), Havers 2018 (USA), Williams 2018 (UK), Andrade 2019 (Portugal), Kimura 2019 (Japan), Montejo 2019 (Spain), Montejo Fernández 2019 (Spain), Ray 2019 (USA), Teratani 2019 (Japan), Florin 2020 (USA) | |
| Paediatrician (43 116) | Christakis 2005 (USA), Arnold 2006 (USA), Kjærgaard 2019 (Greece), Zhou 2019 (USA), Kronman 2020 (USA) | |
| GE (4843) | GP (205) | Stefanoff 2013 (Poland) |
| Mixed (4638) | Schmutz 2017 (Switzerland), Okubo 2019 (Japan) | |
| Other (223 087) | ED (49 806) | Kharazmi 2012 (USA), Jain 2014 (USA), Khine 2014 (USA), Dumitrascu-Biris 2016 (Ireland), Rebnord 2016 (Norway), Leigh 2019 (UK), Piller 2019 (Switzerland), Hagedoorn 2020 (Austria, Germany, Greece, Latvia, the Netherlands, Spain, Slovenia, UK), Ramgopal 2020 (USA) |
| GP (32 726) | Zolaly 2011 (Saudi Arabia), Elshout 2013 (the Netherlands), de Bont 2015 (the Netherlands), O'Brien 2015 (UK), de Bont 2018 (the Netherlands), Dumpis 2018 (Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden), Lemiengre 2018 (Belgium), Howarth 2020 (Australia), Davey 2020 (Australia) | |
| Mixed (138 338) | Trinh 2020 (France) | |
| Paediatrician (2217) | van Esso 2020 (Spain) |
AOM, acute otitis media; ED, emergency department; GE, gastroenteritis; GP, general practitioner; n, sample size; RTI, respiratory tract infection.