Aggregate age-appropriateness for APIs of: (A) antituberculosis medicines, (B) antiretrovirals and (C) Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWARE) classification of antibiotics in the EMLc 2019
A | Antituberculosis medicines | N | I | T | YC | OC |
1 | Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
2 | Bedaquiline* | |||||
3 | Clofazimine | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
4 | Cycloserine | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
5 | Delamanid† | |||||
6 | Ethambutol | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
7 | Ethionamide | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
8 | Isoniazid | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
9 | Isoniazid+pyrazinamide+rifampicin† | |||||
10 | Isoniazid+rifampicin† | |||||
11 | Levofloxacin‡ | |||||
12 | Linezolid | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
13 | Moxifloxacin‡ | |||||
14 | p‐Aminosalicylic acid | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
15 | Pyrazinamide | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
16 | Rifampicin | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
17 | Rifapentine† | |||||
B | Antiretrovirals§ | |||||
1 | Abacavir | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
2 | Abacavir+lamivudine† | |||||
3 | Atazanavir | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
4 | Darunavir† | |||||
5 | Dolutegravir* | |||||
6 | Efavirenz | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
7 | Lamivudine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
8 | Lamivudine+nevirapine+zidovudine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
9 | Lamivudine+zidovudine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
10 | Lopinavir+ritonavir | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
11 | Nevirapine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
12 | Raltegravir | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
13 | Ritonavir | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
14 | Zidovudine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
C | AWARE categorisation of antibiotics | |||||
Access | ||||||
1 | Amoxicillin | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
2 | Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
3 | Cefalexin | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
4 | Chloramphenicol | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
5 | Clindamycin | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
6 | Cloxacillin | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
7 | Doxycycline | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
8 | Metronidazole | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
9 | Nitrofurantoin | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
10 | Phenoxymethylpenicillin | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
11 | Sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Watch | ||||||
1 | Azithromycin | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
2 | Cefixime | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
3 | Ciprofloxacin | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
4 | Clarithromycin | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
5 | Vancomycin | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Reserve | ||||||
1 | Linezolid | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
*Licensed for use only from 12 years in the BNFc, 2019.
†No dose information in the EMLc 2019, hence omitted from evaluation.
‡Not licensed/listed for oral use in the BNFc because of the risk of tendon rupture, thus, omitted.
§With antiretrovirals, and antituberculosis, medicines, changes to the EMLc 2019 saw about a 50% increase in the inclusion of FSOD. Thus, the age-appropriate formulations include liquids, FSODs or both.
API, active pharmaceutical ingredient; BNFc, British National Formulary for Children; FSOD, flexible solid oral dosage; I, infants; N, neonates; OC, older children; T, toddlers; YC, young children.