Table 1

3-category reference standard as proxy for true patient urgency

Urgency category	Items	Time before being seen by a physician
High urgency	Mortality at the ED and/or ICU admission immediately after the ED visit, and/or Immediate life-saving interventions,* and/or Oxygen administration (indicating hypoxaemia or serious illness requiring advanced paediatric life support guidelines.	10 min
Intermediate urgency	Hospital admission immediately after the ED visit, and/or Intravenous medication or fluids or inhalation medication at the ED, and/or >1 of the following: radiology, lab test and oral medication.	<60 min
Low urgency	None of the above.	≥60 min

*Immediate life-saving interventions are defined as any of the following: airway/breathing support (eg, intubation or emergent non-invasive positive pressure ventilation); electrical therapy (eg, defibrillation, emergent cardioversion or external pacing); emergency procedures (eg, chest needle decompression, pericardiocentesis or open thoracotomy), hemodynamic support (e.g. significant intravenous fluid in case of hypotension, blood administration or control of major bleeding) or emergency medications (eg, atropine, adenosine, inotropics, epinephrine, naloxone and dextrose in case of hypoglycemia).
ED, emergency department; ICU, intensive care unit.