Table 4

Effect of rural residence on absolute differences in vaccination coverage

Age group	Vaccine	Effect on vaccination proportions (betas)*	95% CI
<12 months	BCG	0.453	0.218 to 0.689
	Hepatitis B	0.490	0.248 to 0.732
	IPV	0.361	0.156 to 0.565
	OPV+IPV	0.269	0.062 to 0.476
	Penta first dose	0.368	0.173 to 0.562
	Penta second dose	0.388	0.192 to 0.584
	Penta third dose	0.290	0.089 to 0.491
	Rota first dose	0.373	0.182 to 0.563
	Rota second dose	0.359	0.163 to 0.555
	Pneumococcal first dose	0.332	0.139 to 0.524
	Pneumococcal second dose	0.387	0.189 to 0.586
12–23 months	MMR	0.142	−0.048 to 0.334
	Varicella	0.208	−0.007 to 0.423
	Pneumococcal reinf	0.167	−0.031 to 0.366
	Hepatitis A	0.162	−0.040 to 0.366
	Yellow fever	0.120	−0.083 to 0.325
	OPV first reinf	0.103	−0.082 to 0.290
	DPT first reinf	0.126	−0.059 to 0.312
5 years	MMR reinf	0.253	0.057 to 0.449
	OPV second reinf	0.224	0.016 to 0.433
	DPT second reinf	0.284	0.083 to 0.485

*Multilevel model effects clustering by region. States were the unit of analysis.
DPT, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus; IPV, inactivated polio vaccine; MMR, measles, mumps and rubella; OPV, oral polio vaccine; Penta, pentavalent vaccine; Reinf, reinforcement; Rota, rotavirus.