Developmental delay risk stratification in children with and without prenatal ZIKV exposure
ZIKV exposed (n=68), n (%) | ZIKV unexposed (n=63), n (%) | χ2 | Fisher’s exact p value | |
Cognition | ||||
Low risk of delay* | 64 (94) | 61 (97) | 0.549 | 0.682 |
Med to high risk of delay* | 4 (6) | 2 (3) | ||
Fine motor | NA* | NA* | ||
Low risk of delay* | 68 (100) | 63 (100) | ||
Med to high risk of delay* | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Gross motor | NA* | NA* | ||
Low risk of delay* | 68 (100) | 63 (100) | ||
Med to high risk of delay* | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Language | 0.003 | 1.000 | ||
Low risk of delay* | 67 (99) | 62 (98) | ||
Med to high risk of delay* | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | ||
Positive behaviour | 1.621 | 0.232 | ||
Low risk of delay* | 55 (81) | 56 (89) | ||
Med to high risk of delay* | 13 (19) | 7 (11) | ||
Negative behaviour | ||||
Low risk of delay* | 56 (89) | 52 (91) | 0.182 | 0.766 |
Med to high risk of delay* | 7 (11) | 5 (9) | ||
ZIKV exposed (n=29) | ZIKV unexposed (n=38) | χ2 | P value | |
Visual acuity (logMAR) | 4.424 | 0.035 | ||
Low risk of delay† | 20 (69) | 34 (89%) | ||
Med to high risk of delay† | 9 (31) | 4 (11) | ||
ZIKV exposed (n=26) | ZIKV unexposed (n=30) | |||
Contrast sensitivity | 3.063 | 0.080 | ||
Low risk of delay† | 20 (77) | 28 (93) | ||
Med to high risk of delay† | 6 (23) | 2 (7) |
NA=not applicable because cell sizes were too small to run proportional analyses.
*Cut-off scores for classification of delay risk (<10th percentile) in cognition, fine motor, gross motor, and language domains were obtained from the INTER-NDA international standardisation sample.17
†Cut-off scores for classification of delays in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were obtained from the Cardiff standardisation samples.18
INTER-NDA, INTERGROWTH-21st Neurodevelopment Assessment; logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; ZIKV, Zika virus.