Baseline characteristics of all 110 patients admitted with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS)
| Variable | Study sample (n=110) | Missing data |
| Demographics | ||
| Median age, years (IQR) | 10.2 (7.6–12.6) | 0 |
| Male (%) | 63 (57) | 0 |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Black/African/Caribbean/black British (%) | 39 (35) | 0 |
| Asian/Asian British (%) | 33 (30) | |
| White (%) | 19 (17) | |
| Mixed/multiple ethnic groups (%) | 12 (12) | |
| Other (%) | 7 (6) | |
| Median height, cm (IQR) | 143 (125–160) | 11 |
| Median BMI centile (IQR) | 88 (47–97) | 25 |
| Median number of days admitted | 8 (6–11) | 0 |
| Comorbidities* | 6 (5%) | 0 |
| SARS-CoV-2 status | ||
| SARS CoV-2 RT-PCR positive (%) | 33 (30) | 0 |
| Serology positive (%) | 105 (95) | 0 |
| Symptoms on admission | ||
| Fever (%) | 110 (100) | 0 |
| Rhinitis (%) | 1 (1) | 1 |
| Respiratory distress (%) | 32 (29) | 0 |
| Cough (%) | 9 (8) | 0 |
| Abdominal pain (%) | 80 (72) | 0 |
| Diarrhoea (%) | 65 (59) | 0 |
| Vomiting (%) | 66 (60) | 0 |
| Admission blood parameters | ||
| Median triglyceride peak, mmol/L (IQR) | 2.98 (1.92–3.9) | 3 |
| Median ferritin peak, μg/L (IQR) | 831 (472–1834) | 0 |
| Median CRP peak, mg/L (IQR) | 281 (206–328) | 0 |
| Median IL-6 peak, pg/L (IQR) | 111 (50–324) | 53 |
| Median D-dimer peak, ng/mL (IQR) | 2736 (1405–5723) | 0 |
| Median NT-proBNP peak, pg/mL (IQR) | 13 392 (4694–29628) | 4 |
| Median troponin, ng/L (IQR) | 153 (60–387) | 0 |
| Median sodium nadir, mmol/L (IQR) | 133 (131–135) | 0 |
| Median phosphate nadir, mmol/L (IQR) | 0.83 (0.67–0.96) | 0 |
| Median lymphocyte nadir, 109/L (IQR) | 0.82 (0.52–1.2) | 0 |
| Median albumin nadir, g/L (IQR) | 25 (23–27) | 1 |
| Renal parameters | ||
| Admission AKI status | ||
| No AKI (%) | 77 (70) | 0 |
| Stage 1 AKI (%) | 13 (12) | |
| Stage 2 AKI (%) | 8 (7) | |
| Stage 3 AKI (%) | 12 (11) | |
| Urine albumin/creatinine ratio, mg/mmol (IQR) | 3.3 (1.8–7) | 51 |
| Urine RBP/creatinine ratio, μg/mmol (IQR) | 354 (96–3000) | 97 |
| Urine NAG/creatinine ratio, U/mmol (IQR) | 233 (82–370) | 97 |
| Median creatinine peak, μmol/L (IQR) | 68 (48–104) | 0 |
| Median urea peak, mmol/L (IQR) | 6.7 (5.2–11) | 0 |
| Median eGFR nadir, mL/min/1.73m2 (IQR) | 79 (51–100) | 9 |
| Dipstick proteinuria (%) | 8 (7) | 33 |
| Dipstick haematuria (%) | 21 (19) | 24 |
| Kidney ultrasonography | ||
| Not performed (%) | 12 (11) | 0 |
| Normal (%) | 66 (60) | |
| Abnormal† (%) | 32 (29) | |
| Intensive care | ||
| Requiring PICU admission (%) | 98 (89) | 0 |
| Median duration of PICU stay, days (IQR) | 3 (2–5) | 0 |
| Intubation (%) | 22 (20) | 0 |
| Median duration of mechanical ventilation, days (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 0 |
| Inotropic support (IQR) | 84 (76) | 0 |
| Median duration of inotropic support, days (IQR) | 1.7 (1–2) | 0 |
| Myocardial dysfunction on echocardiography | ||
| None (%) | 63 (57) | 0 |
| Mild (%) | 30 (27) | |
| Moderate (%) | 14 (13) | |
| Severe (%) | 3 (3) | |
| Medications | ||
| PIMS-TS therapeutic medications | ||
| Methylprednisolone (%) | 91 (82) | 0 |
| IVIG (%) | 77 (70) | 0 |
| Anakinra (%) | 8 (7) | 0 |
| Tocilizumab (%) | 5 (5) | 0 |
| Remdesivir (%) | 1 (1) | 0 |
| Median number of nephrotoxic medications (IQR) | 1 (0–1) | 0 |
| Nephrotoxic medications | ||
| Vancomycin (%) | 4 (4) | 0 |
| Gentamicin (%) | 6 (5) | 0 |
| Amikacin (%) | 25 (23) | 0 |
| Aciclovir (%) | 14 (13) | 0 |
| Trimethoprim/co-trimoxazole (%) | 2 (2) | 0 |
| NSAIDs (%) | 27 (25) | 0 |
Data are n (%) or median (IQR).
*Comorbidities were: type 1 diabetes mellitus (n=2), sickle cell disease (n=2) and ventriculoperitoneal shunt for obstructed hydrocephalus (n=2).
†Abnormal kidney ultrasonography consisted of: loss of corticomedullary differentiation and/or increased echogenicity, unilaterally or bilaterally enlarged kidneys (>95th centile), unilaterally small kidney (<5th centile), unilateral ectopic kidney, evidence of scarring, duplex collecting system and pelvicalyceal dilatation.
AKI, acute kidney injury; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IL-6, interleukin 6; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; NAG, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; PICU, paediatric intensive care unit; RBP, retinol-binding protein; RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR.