Meta-analysis estimates and heterogeneity
| Sepsis type | Subgroup | Incidence estimates (n) | MA: incidence Random-effects estimates (cases per 100 000 live births) | I² (%) |
| By date | ||||
| EOS+LOS | Before 1989 | 5 | 1250.0 (534.4 to 2895.7) | 90.9 |
| 1989–1998 | 8 | 4012.4 (1808.5 to 8665.4) | 99.9 | |
| 1999–2008 | 8 | 2706.3 (1450.9 to 4993.0) | 99.9 | |
| 2009–2018 | 4 | 3930.4 (1936.9 to 7812.1) | 98.1 | |
| EOS | Before 1989 | – | – | – |
| 1989–1998 | 2 | 3476.0 (2841.9 to 4245.3) | 84.5 | |
| 1999–2008 | 6 | 1878.2 (863.7 to 4035.7) | 98.0 | |
| 2009–2018 | 4 | 3112.3 (898.2 to 10 222.1) | 99.9 | |
| LOS | Before 1989 | – | – | – |
| 1989–1998 | 2 | Singe-study estimate: 718 (595.7 to 865.1) | 0.0 | |
| 1999–2008 | 4 | 1189.2 (458.0 to 3052.0) | 99.0 | |
| 2009–2018 | 1 | Single-study estimate: 657.8 (606.6 to 713.2) | – | |
| By patient subgroup | ||||
| EOS+LOS | NBW | 2 | 2430.1 (1164.4 to 5001.7) | 92.5 |
| LBW | 2 | 7475.1 (5857.0 to 9495.1) | 11.1 | |
| VLBW | 1 | Single-study estimate: 31 428.6 (18 335.2 to 48 337.7) | – | |
| Term | 1 | Single-study estimate: 3593.4 (3202.9 to 4029.5) | – | |
| Preterm | 1 | Single-study estimate: 13 592.2 (10 202.5 to 17 883.9) | – | |
| EOS | NBW | 3 | 818.1 (204.5 to 3213.9) | 96.6 |
| LBW | 3 | 5421.5 (3706.5 to 7865.0) | 76.8 | |
| VLBW | 3 | 17 128.8 (9192.1 to 29 678.5) | 74.7 | |
| Term | 3 | 821.3 (200.5 to 3300.2) | 97.1 | |
| Preterm | 3 | 10 251.7 (7890.8 to 13 217.7) | 57.2 | |
| LOS | NBW | 0 | – | – |
| LBW | 1 | Single-study estimate: 517.2 (166.9 to 1591.1) | – | |
| VLBW | 1 | Single-study estimate: 1388.9 (86.3 to 18 672.7) | – | |
| Term | 0 | – | – | |
| Preterm | 1 | Single-study estimate: 323.6 (45.6 to 2260.0) | – | |
| By WHO region | ||||
| EOS+LOS | AFR | 3 | 5243.6 (2504.6 to 10 650.6) | 95.5 |
| PAR | 6 | 1541.6 (613.5 to 3819.8) | 99.9 | |
| SEAR | 11 | 4005.1 (2438.5 to 6511.2) | 99.4 | |
| EMR | 2 | 585.5 (192.8 to 1764.1) | 81.8 | |
| WPR | 3 | 3573.9 (2570.8 to 4948.6) | 95.5 | |
| EOS | AFR | 1 | Single-study estimate: 3555.2 (3173.9 to 3980.4) | – |
| PAR | 1 | Single-study estimate: 5029.0 (3852.2; 6540.9) | – | |
| SEAR | 7 | 1991.8 (795.0 to 4901.0) | 99.9 | |
| EMR | 0 | – | – | |
| WPR | 3 | 2824.4(1843.9; 4303.6) | 96.4 | |
| LOS | NA | |||
| By World Bank income level | ||||
| EOS+LOS | Low | 2 | 6086.4 (1843.1 to 18 280.0) | 97.8 |
| Middle | 16 | 3195.3 (1991.2 to 5089.7) | 99.2 | |
| High | 7 | 1722.3 (769.2 to 3810.7) | 99.9 | |
| EOS | Low | 0 | – | – |
| Middle | 9 | 2359.3 (1131.6 to 4853.6) | 99.9 | |
| High | 3 | 2824.4 (1843.9 to 4303.6) | 96.4 | |
| LOS | NA | |||
| By study setting | ||||
| EOS+LOS | Community-based | 6 | 8549.3 (5520.3; 13 011.5) | 98.7 |
| Hospital-based | 19 | 1986.5 (1350.0 to 2914.1) | 99.9 | |
| EOS | Community-based | 2 | 2187.2(44.6; 52 848.4) | 99.8 |
| Hospital-based | 10 | 2518.7 (1792.1 to 3529.5) | 98.5 | |
| LOS | NA | |||
AFR, African Region; EMR, Eastern Mediterranean Region; EOS, early-onset sepsis; LBW, low birth weight; LOS, late-onset sepsis; MA, meta-analysis; NA, not applicable; NBW, normal birth weight; PAR, Region of the Americas; SEAR, South-East Asia Region; VLBW, very low birth weight; WPR, Western Pacific Region.