Characteristics | HICs | LMICs | RR LMICs vs HICs, (95% CI) | ||||
Events/total patients | Mean proportion % (95% CI) | Events/total patients | Mean proportion % (95% CI) | ||||
Clinical symptoms | |||||||
Fever | 2276/3332 | 72.0 (66.3 to 77.0) | 1300/2964 | 50.0 (47.4 to 52.6) | 0.64 (0.61 to 0.67) | ||
Cough | 995/2730 | 33.2 (27.5 to 39.5) | 812/2531 | 39.2 (36.2 to 42.3) | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.95) | ||
Comorbidity | 1069/3357 | 33.7 (27.4 to 38.5) | 521/2729 | 20.8 (18.3 to 23.4) | 0.60 (0.55 to 0.66) | ||
Rashes | 491/2109 | 24.9 (17.9 to 33.5) | 253/2278 | 20.2 (17.5 to 23.2) | 0.48 (0.41 to 0.55) | ||
Nausea/vomiting | 668/2374 | 30.3 (24.3 to 37.0) | 212/1869 | 15.3 (12.6 to 18.3) | 0.40 (0.35 to 0.46) | ||
Conjunctivitis | 309/2732 | 13.1 (8.4 to 20.1) | 220/2266 | 19.5 (16.9 to 22.5) | 0.86 (0.73 to 1.01) | ||
Dyspnoea | 543/2454 | 23.6 (18.5 to 29.6) | 336/2878 | 20.6 (18.1 to 23.4) | 0.53 (0.47 to 0.60) | ||
Kawasaki shock/sign | 583/2087 | 21.9 (14.1 to 32.5) | 238/2278 | 21.4 (18.5 to 24.6) | 0.37 (0.33 to 0.43) | ||
Fatigue | 394/1943 | 16.8 (12.2 to 22.6) | 315/2531 | 15.6 (13.3 to 18.3) | 0.61 (0.54 to 0.70) | ||
Abdominal pain | 457/2266 | 22.7 (16.4 to 30.5) | 169/1869 | 16.6 (12.9 to 21.1) | 0.45 (0.38 to 0.53) | ||
Nasal symptoms | 425/2549 | 17.8 (14.4 to 21.8) | 269/2519 | 15.4 (13.2 to 17.8) | 0.64 (0.56 to 0.74) | ||
Diarrhoea | 527/2365 | 27.5 (21.5 to 34.6) | 125/1105 | 14.7 (12.4 to 17.3) | 0.51 (0.42 to 0.61) | ||
Neurological symptoms | 493/3197 | 15.0 (11.6 to 19.0) | 200/2278 | 10.4 (8.8 to 12.3) | 0.57 (0.49 to 0.67) | ||
Asymptomatic | 263/2428 | 6.4 (4.2 to 9.7) | 851/3656 | 20.2 (18.4 to 22.1) | 2.15 (1.89 to 2.44) | ||
Pharyngeal erythema | 73/1494 | 6.7 (4.3 to 10.1) | 519/2531 | 40.7 (37.4 to 44.0) | 4.20 (3.31 to 5.32) | ||
Clinical management | |||||||
Antibiotics | 908/1875 | 36.4 (25.6 to 48.7) | 437/1735 | 27.0 (22.9 to 31.5) | 0.52 (0.47 to 0.57) | ||
IVIG | 504/1867 | 31.6 (20.3 to 45.5) | 194/1655 | 14.7 (12.1 to 17.7) | 0.43 (0.37 to 0.51) | ||
Aspirin | 187/985 | 16.0 (9.1 to 26.8) | 51/1603 | 10.4 (7.2 to 14.7) | 0.17 (0.12 to 0.23) | ||
Systemic steroids | 566/2523 | 27.2 (19.0 to 37.3) | 235/1706 | 18.0 (15.2 to 21.2) | 0.61 (0.53 to 0.71) | ||
Inotropes | 309/2309 | 19.1 (12.3 to 28.5) | 45/1547 | 11.9 (8.5 to 16.5) | 0.22 (0.16 to 0.30) | ||
Antimalarial | 241/1696 | 13.6 (8.7 to 20.8) | 95/1603 | 13.5 (10.5 to 17.3) | 0.42 (0.33 to 0.52) | ||
Mechanical ventilation | 387/2930 | 17.2 (13.1 to 22.3) | 103/2476 | 10.8 (8.6 to 13.4) | 0.32 (0.26 to 0.39) | ||
Antiviral | 230/2372 | 11.4 (7.7 to 16.6) | 297/1647 | 25.2 (21.1 to 29.9) | 1.86 (1.58 to 2.18) | ||
Interferon | 0/995 | – | 138/1603 | 30.5 (24.1 to 37.7) | – | ||
Traditional medicine | 0/2523 | – | 22/1706 | 11.3 (8.0 to 15.7) | – | ||
Clinical outcomes | |||||||
Recovered | 5269/5641 | 91.0 (87.7 to 93.4) | 3435/3694 | 83.9 (81.2 to 86.2) | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.01) | ||
ICU admission | 993/5641 | 26.0 (24.0 to 28.0) | 366/3694 | 9.9 (8.5 to 11.6) | 0.56 (0.50 to 0.63) | ||
Deaths | 40/4710 | 2.9 (2.1 to 4.1) | 56/2192 | 5.2 (4.1 to 6.7) | 2.14 (1.43 to 3.20) |
HICs, high-income countries; ICU, intensive care unit; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; LMICs, low-income and middle-income countries; RR, relative risk.