Key study variables overall and by Indigenous status and ethnicity
| Overall M (SD) or % (95% CI) | Indigenous status and ethnicity M (SD) or % (95% CI) | |||||||||
| Indigenous | Pacific/ Maori | Middle Eastern | African | South Asian | East Asian | S East Asian | European | Anglo | ||
| Overall % (95% CI) | 4.67 (2.67 to 8.04) | 3.69 (2.11 to 6.36) | 5.52 (3.62 to 8.33) | 3.19 (2.13 to 4.75) | 5.48 (3.29 to 9.00) | 7.72 (4.73 to 12.36) | 8.69 (3.01 to 22.63) | 15.36 (12.39 to 18.88) | 39.54 (30.66 to 49.17) | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||||
| Born overseas | 16.78 (13.26 to 21.00) | 5.20 (1.74 to 14.52) | 29.57 (11.09 to 58.56) | 34.80 (22.59 to 49.39) | 50.40 (36.66 to 64.07) | 53.98 (39.52 to 67.79) | 34.6 0(18.66 to 54.96) | 28.90 (13.21 to 52.04) | 9.38 (7.16 to 12.19) | 3.86 (2.63 to 5.62) |
| Female | 51.03 (47.54 to 54.51) | 45.21 (37.80 to 52.83) | 55.17 (39.52 to 69.87) | 43.59 (39.50 to 47.77) | 49.23 (39.64 to 58.87) | 49.58 (38.43 to 60.77) | 60.40 (47.31 to 72.15) | 50.18 (46.17 to 54.19) | 53.92 (47.35 to 60.35) | 51.71 (48.12 to 55.28) |
| School year | 6.47 (1.39) | 6.05 (1.66) | 6.64 (1.61) | 6.87 (1.34) | 6.45 (1.43) | 6.29 (1.50) | 6.71 (1.38) | 7.39 (1.22) | 6.41 (1.40) | 6.25 (1.23) |
| Racial Discrimination | ||||||||||
| Direct - Peer | 0.27 (0.60) | 0.49 (1.15) | 0.32 (0.65) | 0.40 (0.73) | 0.36 (0.55) | 0.35 (0.59) | 0.42 (0.64) | 0.37 (0.68) | 0.21 (0.48) | 0.17 (0.49) |
| Direct – School | 0.14 (0.49) | 0.27 (0.95) | 0.21 (0.70) | 0.26 (0.59) | 0.34 (0.71) | 0.13 (0.36) | 0.16 (0.43) | 0.24 (0.64) | 0.09 (0.40) | 0.08 (0.37) |
| Direct - Societal | 0.2 (0.51) | 0.39 (1.05) | 0.24 (0.69) | 0.34 (0.55) | 0.40 (0.70) | 0.26 (0.47) | 0.33 (0.47) | 0.34 (0.63) | 0.14 (0.42) | 0.11 (0.39) |
| Direct - Total | 0.21 (0.49) | 0.40 (1.00) | 0.28 (0.63) | 0.34 (0.53) | 0.37 (0.57) | 0.26 (0.41) | 0.32 (0.46) | 0.33 (0.61) | 0.15 (0.36) | 0.12 (0.39) |
| Direct – Any Peer | 32.40 (28.60 to 36.43) | 42.67 (38.94 to 46.49) | 45.77 (40.15 to 51.49) | 44.89 (36.38 to 53.71) | 49.29 (34.87 to 63.83) | 45.15 (37.76 to 52.77) | 47.82 (38.83 to 56.95) | 45.45 (34.29 to 57.09) | 31.28 (23.24 to 40.64) | 20.32 (17.38 to 23.63) |
| Direct – Any School | 12.94 (10.76 to 15.48) | 20.70 (17.11 to 24.81) | 16.83 (6.92 to 35.49) | 25.35 (18.00 to 34.43) | 31.74 (21.30 to 44.42) | 21.93 (17.24 to 27.46) | 18.92 (13.62 to 25.67) | 20.02 (15.22 to 25.87) | 8.04 (4.95 to 12.80) | 6.36 (4.73 to 8.50) |
| Direct – Any Societal | 27.52 (23.79 to 31.59) | 36.97 (33.44 to 40.65) | 32.86 (21.34 to 46.90) | 46.3 (32.04 to 61.20) | 46.42 (32.01 to 61.46) | 45.66 (39.24 to 52.23) | 55.03 (42.63 to 66.84) | 43.60 (34.37 to 53.30) | 21.07 (14.29 to 29.92) | 13.59 (11.16 to 16.46) |
| Direct - Any | 41.56 (36.18 to 47.15) | 50.14 (43.55 to 56.71) | 60.97 (53.80 to 67.69) | 61.27 (51.59 to 70.13) | 58.03 (38.87 to 75.05) | 61.87 (55.32 to 68.00) | 67.05 (54.18 to 77.79) | 58.74 (45.70 to 70.66) | 38.21 (27.78 to 49.86) | 25.13 (22.00 to 28.54) |
| Vicarious | 0.78 (0.77) | 0.94 (1.26) | 1.10 (0.85) | 0.82 (0.89) | 0.87 (0.66) | 0.89 (0.77) | 0.82 (0.74) | 0.74 (0.74) | 0.70 (0.68) | 0.73 (0.72) |
| Vicarious - Any | 70.15 (63.83 to 75.78) | 71.68 (59.4 to 81.4) | 77.22 (68.31 to 84.21) | 66.43 (57.97 to 73.95) | 82.83 (72.32 to 89.91) | 82.2 (68.39 to 90.78) | 69.39 (61.71 to 76.13) | 67.42 (53.4 to 78.89) | 70.52 (57.83 to 80.67) | 68.07 (61.4 to 74.08) |
| Socioemotional outcomes | ||||||||||
| Total difficulties | 11.86 (6.32) | 13.94 (9.38) | 12.95 (5.94) | 11.28 (5.33) | 10.81 (6.73) | 9.16 (5.32) | 11.22 (5.19) | 11.99 (5.22) | 11.83 (6.52) | 11.80 (6.24) |
| Emotional symptoms | 3.41 (2.36) | 3.61 (3.20) | 3.5 (2.54) | 3.27 (2.21) | 3.14 (2.25) | 2.59 (2.26) | 3.58 (2.07) | 3.8 (2.08) | 3.46 (2.48) | 3.35 (2.30) |
| Conduct problems | 2.04 (1.88) | 2.74 (2.99) | 2.51 (1.87) | 2.00 (1.52) | 1.74 (1.80) | 1.54 (1.47) | 2.06 (1.94) | 2.10 (1.69) | 1.96 (1.81) | 1.89 (1.79) |
| Prosocial behavior | 7.73 (1.84) | 7.45 (2.95) | 7.80 (2.11) | 7.82 (2.01) | 7.62 (2.00) | 7.84 (1.76) | 7.50 (1.92) | 7.27 (1.93) | 7.86 (1.70) | 7.91 (1.63) |
| Sleep latency 0-30 min | 63.28 (60.93 to 65.57) | 59.16 (52.84 to 65.2) | 61.34 (45.45 to 75.13) | 70.58 (64.71 to 75.83) | 62.53 (47.63 to 75.38) | 77.70 (64.62 to 86.92) | 68.94 (62.73 to 74.54) | 68.16 (61.62 to 74.06) | 52.48 (46.72 to 58.18) | 63.36 (59.86 to 66.71) |
| >30-60 min | 22.27 (19.88 to 24.86) | 20.67 (13.77 to 29.84) | 19.02 (12.89 to 27.17) | 18.35 (11.04 to 28.91) | 21.46 (13.25 to 32.82) | 15.90 (10.34, 23.68) | 21.83 (15.50 to 29.85) | 15.31 (12.07 to 19.22) | 29.51 (25.05 to 34.41) | 22.39 (19.38 to 25.71) |
| >60 min | 14.45 (13.02 to 16) | 20.17 (16.75 to 24.08) | 19.64 (10.27 to 34.29) | 11.08 (6.76 to 17.64) | 16.01 (10.23 to 24.04) | 6.40 (2.77, 14.12) | 9.23 (5.25 to 15.7) | 16.53 (10.80 to 24.46) | 18.01 (15.50 to 20.82) | 14.26 (10.99 to 18.3) |
| Sleep disruption | ||||||||||
| None/A little | 54.29 (51.51 to 57.05) | 41.52 (31.19 to 52.65) | 35.26 (24.67 to 47.52) | 57.54 (43.66 to 70.32) | 59.03 (47.80 to 69.39) | 62.42 (48.45 to 74.60) | 64.01 (53.31 to 73.47) | 51.43 (45.46 to 57.37) | 53.46 (47.98 to 58.86) | 55.19 (51.71 to 58.62) |
| Some/A good bit of the time | 25.93 (24.88 to 27.00) | 23.76 (17.30 to 31.69) | 19.15 (8.50 to 37.63) | 27.16 (19.94 to 35.82) | 18.95 (10.34 to 32.17) | 26.24 (16.06 to 39.82) | 20.02 (16.72 to 23.78) | 30.25 (27.87 to 32.75) | 27.04 (23.75 to 30.61) | 26.95 (22.85 to 31.48) |
| Most/All of the time | 19.78 (17.29 to 22.54) | 34.73 (26.89 to 43.48) | 45.6 (24.09 to 68.88) | 15.31 (9.37 to 24.01) | 22.02 (14.56 to 31.87) | 11.34 (8.72 to 14.61) | 15.98 (8.86 to 27.11) | 18.31 (13.08 to 25.04) | 19.49 (14.64 to 25.48) | 17.86 (14.56 to 21.71) |
| Sleep duration school day (min) | 549.84 (85.38) | 563.58 (139.19) | 552.90 (97.74) | 522.46 (94.21) | 556.23 (83.38) | 557.93 (73.16) | 528.88 (84.44) | 511.04 (82.99) | 550.57 (80.66) | 560.57 (75.98) |
| non-school day (min) | 583.15 (113.99) | 571.77 (203.67) | 583.28 (135.38) | 563.08 (115.30) | 583.58 (100.01) | 594.26 (102.60) | 574.43 (93.97) | 581.34 (104.08) | 580.77 (105.56) | 586.70 (107.48) |