Summary of included studies (n=38)
| Lead author and year study published | Study design | Country of study | Mean age (years) | Study participants within age range (total sample size) | Study participants' female (%) | Study participants: LTC | CYP involved in the design of the technology? |
| Barnfather (2011) | Qualitative (individual interviews) | Canada | 14.6 | 22* (27) | 12 (44.4)* | Cerebral palsy and spina bifida. | Yes |
| Bevan Jones (2018) | Qualitative (interviews and focus groups) | Wales | 15.85† | 11 (33) | 7 (64) | Depression. | Yes |
| Boydell (2010) | Qualitative (individual interviews) | Canada | NR | 30 (30) | 13 (43.3) | Variety of mental health conditions and neurodevelopmental disorders. | No |
| Bradford (2015) | Qualitative (focus group discussions) | Australia | NR | 17 (129) | 9 (53) | Mental health. | No |
| Brigden (2018) | Qualitative (individual interviews) | England | 14.89 | 9 | 6 (66.6) | Chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis. | Yes |
| Britto (2012) | Pilot or feasibility study (questionnaires) | USA | 15.2 | 12‡ (19) | 10 (52.6) | Asthma. | No |
| Cafazzo (2012) | Codesign plus clinical pilot of intervention (interviews and questionnaires) | Canada | 14.9 | 6 involved in design (26 in total within full study) | NR | Type 1 diabetes. | Yes |
| Cai (2017) | Qualitative (interviews and focus groups) | England | NR | 29 | 19 (65.5) | Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. | Yes |
| Carpenter (2016) | Qualitative (individual interviews) | USA | 14.7 | 20 | 9 (45) | Asthma. | No |
| Clark (2018) | Qualitative (interviews) | Australia | 15.2 | 8 (29) | 0 (0) | Anxiety (with or without depression). | No |
| Dominguez (2017) | Qualitative (interviews) plus questionnaire | Spain | 18.7 | 9 (20) | 8 (88.9) | Cancer. | No |
| Donzelli (2017) | Survey/questionnaire | Italy | 14.65 | 336 (364) | 301 (82.7)§ | Idiopathic scoliosis. | Yes |
| Dulli (2018) | Pilot or feasibility study (qualitative and questionnaire) | Nigeria | NR | 41 | 22 (53) – total | HIV. | No |
| Holmberg (2018) | Qualitative (individual interviews) | Sweden | NR | 20 | 11 (55) | Obesity. | No |
| Howard (2017) | Usability/user testing (questionnaires and interviews) | England | 13.4 | 7 | 2 (28.6) | Asthma. | Yes |
| Huby (2017) | Qualitative (individual interviews) | England | NR | 26 | 12 (46.2) | Chronic kidney disease. | Yes |
| Jibb (2018) | Pilot study (including interviews and questionnaires) | Canada | NR | 20 in qual (40 in larger study) | 9 (45) | Cancer. | Yes |
| Knibbe (2018) | Qualitative (focus group discussions) | Canada | 14.4† | 8 | 5 (62.5) | Cerebral palsy. | No |
| Maurice-Stam (2014) | Pilot study (including questionnaires) | The Netherlands | NR | 12 (12) | NR | Cancer. | No |
| Mulvaney (2013) | Survey/questionnaire | USA | 15.2 | 53 | 31 (58) | Asthma. | No |
| Nicholas (2009) | Qualitative (individual interviews) | Canada | 15 | 10 (24) | NR | Chronic kidney disease. | Yes |
| Nightingale (2017) | Qualitative (individual and joint interviews) | England | NR | 17 | 8 (47.1) | Chronic kidney disease. | Yes |
| Nordfeldt (2013) | Qualitative (focus group discussions) | Sweden | NR | 24 (24) | 11 (45.8) | Type 1 diabetes. | No |
| Powell (2017) | Qualitative (interviews) | England | 9.6† | 5 (5) | 2 (40) | ADHD. | No |
| Ramsey (2018) | Qualitative (individual interviews) | USA | 15.4 | 20 | 10 (50) | Asthma. | No |
| Raval (2017) | Qualitative (joint interviews) | USA | NR | 2 (6) | NR | Colorectal diseases. | No |
| Rivera (2018) | Qualitative (focus groups) plus questionnaires | Canada | 14.7 | 19 | 13 (68) | Obesity. | Yes |
| Roberts (2016) | Qualitative (individual and joint interviews) plus questionnaire | USA | 14.7 | 20 | 9 (45) | Asthma. | No |
| Schneider (2019) | Usability/user testing (including qualitative) | USA | 14.4 | 20 (20) | 11 (55) | Asthma. | Yes |
| Simons (2016) | Qualitative (focus group discussions) plus questionnaires | England | NR | 8 (8) | 1 (12.5) | ADHD. | Yes |
| Stewart (2018) | Qualitative (individual interviews) | England | 12.86 | 8 | 5 (62.5) | Asthma. | No |
| Thabrew (2016) | Qualitative (focus group discussions) | New Zealand | 12.55† | 22 | 10¶ (45.5) | Variety of long-term physical conditions. | No |
| Vaala (2018) | Survey/questionnaire | USA | NR | 134 | 75 (56) | Type 1 diabetes. | No |
| Van Rensburg (2016) | Qualitative (individual interviews) | USA | 16.1† | 20 (20) | 15 (75) | Variety of mental health conditions and neurodevelopmental disorders. | No |
| Waite-Jones (2018) | Qualitative (interviews and focus groups) | England | 13.6† | 9 | 9 (81.8) | Juvenile arthritis. | Yes |
| Woolford (2013) | Qualitative (interviews and focus groups) | USA | 16 | 11 | 8 (73)** | Obesity. | No |
| Wuthrich (2012) | RCT (including questionnaire) | Australia | 14.6 | 24 (43) | 16 (66.7) | Anxiety. | Yes |
| Yi-Frazier (2015) | Qualitative (interviews and focus groups) | USA | 16.4 | 20 (20)†† | 13 (65) | Type 1 diabetes. | No |
*27 in total signed up and 22 participated in the qualitative research; subsequent percentages are % of total enrolled.
†Mean age not reported in the original study but calculated from raw data.
‡Only intervention participants (these are the only participants who provided concerns).
§These figures relate to the 364 approached not the 336 who participated in the study.
¶Estimate calculated from proportions provided in the study.
**Percentages reported in the study appear incorrect so have been adjusted in this table.
††20 CYP were enrolled but only 10 had individual interviews and 5 attended a focus group.
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CYP, children and young people; LTC, long-term condition; RCT, randomised controlled trial.