Neonatal clinical and demographic characteristics of the study sample (N=279)
| Characteristic | HE (n=131) | HU (n=148) | P value |
| Gestational age (mean, SD) | 29.4 (2.3) | 29.6 (2.6) | 0.5 |
| Mode of delivery, n (%) | |||
| C/S | 73 (55.7) | 87 (58.8) | 0.6 |
| Vaginal delivery | 58 (44.3) | 61 (41.2) | |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| M | 63 (48.1) | 71 (48.0) | 0.9 |
| F | 68 (51.9) | 77 (52.0) | |
| Birth weight (g) (median, range) | 1200 (900–1345) | 1122 (937–1312) | 0.7 |
| Birth length (cm) (median, range) | 37.0 (34–39) | 37.3 (35–39) | 0.5 |
| Birth head circumference (cm) (mean, SD) | 26.4 (2.12) | 26.8 (1.79) | 0.1 |
| Weight for gestational age, n (%) | |||
| AGA | 109 (83.2) | 120 (81.1) | 0.9 |
| LGA | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.4) | |
| SGA | 21 (16.0) | 26 (17.6) | |
| HE, n (%) | |||
| PCR positive | 2 (1.5) | N/A | |
| PCR negative | 118 (90.1) | N/A | |
| PCR not done/rejected | 11 (8.4) | N/A | |
| Apgar score, n (%) | |||
| 1 min≤6 | 57 (43.8) | 57 (38.5) | 0.4 |
| 5 min≤6 | 20 (15.4) | 18 (12.2) | 0.4 |
| 10 min≤6 | 8 (6.2) | 6 (4.1) | 0.4 |
| Resuscitation, n (%) | |||
| None | 76 (58.0) | 92 (62.2) | 0.5 |
| BMV | 55 (42.0) | 56 (37.8) | |
| Chest compressions | 7 (5.3) | 11 (7.4) | |
| Adrenalin | 3 (2.3) | 3 (2.0) | |
| Feeds, n (%) | |||
| Breast milk | 130 (99.2) | 148 (100) | 0.5 |
| Formula | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Central line, n (%) | |||
| UVL | 8 (6.1) | 10 (6.8) | |
| CVP | 4 (3.1) | 5 (3.4) | |
| UVL and/or CVP | 12 (9.2) | 15 (10.1) | 0.8 |
| Ventilation, n (%) | |||
| CPAP | 90 (68.7) | 97 (65.5) | |
| IPPV | 23 (17.6) | 33 (22.3) | |
| CPAP and/or IPPV | 91 (69.5) | 97 (65.5) | 0.5 |
| TPN | 4 (3.1) | 2 (1.4) | 0.4 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) (median, range) | 27 (13–40) | 28 (14–44) | 0.3 |
AGA, appropriate for gestational age; BMV, bag and mask ventilation; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; C/S, caesarean section; CVP, central venous line; F, female; HE, HIV exposed; HU, HIV unexposed; IPPV, intermittent positive airway pressure; LGA, large for gestational age; M, male; SGA, small for gestational age; TPN, total parenteral nutrition; UVL, umbilical venous line.