Distribution and association of the occurrence of microorganisms with per capita gross national income (GNI) in the Middle East
| Organisms | Middle-income countries (n=1182) | High-income countries * (n=1033) | OR (95% CI, P value)† |
| GBS | 49 (4%) | 270 (26%) | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.1;<0.0001) |
| Staph aureus | 206 (17%) | 41 (4%) | 0.96 (0.9 to 1; 0.050) |
| Enterococcus ‡ | 21 (2%) | 40 (4%) | |
| Listeria § | 3 (0.3%) | 25 (2%) | |
| Klebsiella | 308 (26%) | 97 (9%) | 0.96 (0.94 to 0.98;<0.0001) |
| E.coli | 194 (16%) | 254 (24%) | 1.02 (1 to 1.03; 0.03) |
| Pseudomonas | 73 (6%) | 28 (3%) | 1 (0.94 to 1.01; 0.185) |
| Enterobacter | 146 (12%) | 30 (3%) | 0.95 (0.93 to 0.98; 0.001) |
| Acinetobacter | 31 (3%) | 24 (2%) | 1 (0.97 to 1.03; 0.926) |
| Candida | 11 (1%) | 20 (2%) | 1 (0.98 to 1.07; 0.292) |
| Gram positives | 318 (27%) | 483 (46%) | 1.03 (1 to 1.05; 0.025) |
| Gram negatives | 843 (71%) | 528 (51%) | 0.98 (0.95 to 1; 0.024) |
*Including results from Hammoud et al.
†OR for occurrence of each organism per $1000 per capita GNI increase obtained from unadjusted logistic regression models.
‡OR not calculated due to small sample size and low frequency in high-income countries.
§OR not calculated due to small sample size and low frequency in middle-income countries.
GBS, group B Streptococcus.