Table 2

Included studies for aetiology of early onset neonatal sepsis with data from the latest WHO report, 2016

CountryArticle nameYearArticle typeSettingYears data collectedDefinition of EOSRates of EOS per 1000 live birthsLive births (N)*Admissions during the time period (N)Newborns
suspected
to have EOS (N)		Positive blood culture consistent with EOS (N)†
Mean
95% CI		3.07
(0.5 to 5.7)		51 834
(24 410 to 79262)		5016
(1640 to 8393)		1329
(558 to 2100)		85.8
(57.2 to 114.5)
Egypt
US$3410
middle-income		 Mahmoud23 2013Ret rospective1 NICUNot specified0–7 days3511
Awad43 2016Retrospective2 NICUJuly 2009– December 20120–3 days223785
El Badawy 44 2005ProspectiveNICUFebruary 2002–September 20020–4 days50
Abdelhamid 45 2017Prospective1 NICUMarch 2015–
May 2016		 Undefined 37229
Mohsen 46 2017Prospective1 NICUNot specified0–3 days95349
Shehab El-Din 47 2015Prospective3 NICUMarch 2011–August 20120–3 days34449
Fahmey 48 2013Retrospective1 NICUSeptember 2008–September 20120–3 days673138
Iran
US$5470
middle-income		 Shahian24 2010RetrospectiveNot specifiedOctober 2004–March 20070–5 days20826
Gheibi33 2008ProspectiveNeonatal wardOctober 2002–November 20060–7 days48272325164
Mosayebi 24 2003RetrospectiveNot specifiedSeptember 1999–September 20020–4 days52929
Nili49 2008Prospective1 NICU
1 intermediate		April 2005–April 20060–3 days15.7172440227
Mosayebi 50 2015RetrospectiveNICUJune 2005–
July 2007		0–7 days1126104
Afsharpaiman51 2012Retrospective2 NICUMarch 2003–
July 2006		0–3 days2.219 573180044
Aletayeb52 2011Retrospective1 NICUApril 2004–
September 2008		0–7 days370099
Iraq
US$5420
middle-income		 Al-Talib26 2013Retrospective4 NICUNot specified0–7 days3.469 8244424239
Al Zwaini53 2002ProspectiveNICU+wardMarch 2000–
March 2001		0–3 days3.38451133128
Israel
US$36 240
high-income		 Hershckowitz27 2004Retrospective1 NICUJanuary 2000–May 20040–3 days1.727 41447
Bromiker54 2013RetrospectiveNot specifiedJanuary 1997–December 20070–3 days1.191 59097
Ergaz55 2013Retrospective2 NICUJanuary 1993–August 20090–3 days0.6144 70813 66394
Bulkowstein56 2016RetrospectiveNot specified2007–20130–6 days70
Maayan 57 2009RetrospectiveNot specifiedJanuary 1997–July 20070–3 days1.190 977103
Klinger 58 2009ProspectiveNICU1995–20050–3 days15 839383
Bromiker 59 2001Retrospective1 NICU
1 intermediate		January 1994–February 19990–3 days1.835 691102164
Jordan
US$3920
middle-income		 Yusef 60 2017Retrospective1 NICUJanuary 2012–December 20150–3 days19
Younis28 2011RetrospectiveNICU+wardJanuary 2008–January 20100–3 days2872253
Kuwait
US$34 890
high-income		 Al-Taiar61 2011ProspectiveNot specifiedJanuary 2005–December 20090–7 days2.756 134153
Saudi Arabia
US$21 720
high-income		 Kilani 62 2000RetrospectiveNICUJanuary 1996–December 19970–2 days1.7847086514
Syria
US$1840‡
middle-income		 Kazah 63 2006RetrospectiveNICUJanuary 2002–December 20040–7 days4355130
Turkey
US$11 230
middle-income		 Taskin 64 2004Retrospective1 NICUNot specified Undefined 30
Ozkan 65 2013Prospective1 NICUJanuary 2003–January 20100–3 days242098523
Ozdemir29 2016Retrospective1 NICUMay 2014–May 20150–3 days43113813
Turhan66 2015RetrospectiveNICUJanuary 2010–December 2011 Undefined 329166
1 Kuwait,
2 Saudi Arabia
2 United Arab Emirates		 Hammoud MS et al 32 2016Prospective5 NICUsJune 2013–May 20150–3 days1.567 47413 984102

  • *Total number of live births recorded at study centres during the study period.

  • †Total number of EOS-positive blood cultures per article (including CONS).

  • ‡World bank 2007.67

  • CONS, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species; EOS, early onset neonatal sepsis.