Study participants | Primary care visits | Drug prescriptions | Hospital admissions | |||||
n | % | Mean (SD) | P value* | Mean (SD) | P value* | Mean (SD) | P value* | |
Total | 1863 | 100 | 11.7 (7.6) | 1.2 (2.3) | 0.22 (0.7) | |||
Sex | 0.581 | 0.003 | <0.001 | |||||
Boys | 946 | 50.8 | 11.6 (7.3) | 1.4 (2.4) | 0.29 (0.8) | |||
Girls | 917 | 49.2 | 11.8 (8.0) | 1.1 (2.1) | 0.15 (0.5) | |||
Mother’s education† | <0.001 | 0.498 | 0.164 | |||||
Primary or below | 62 | 3.3 | 11.7 (6.8) | 0.9 (1.6) | 0.32 (0.5) | |||
Secondary-first level | 355 | 19.1 | 12.8 (8.3) | 1.4 (2.7) | 0.22 (0.5) | |||
Secondary-second level | 624 | 33.6 | 12.4 (7.5) | 1.3 (2.3) | 0.26 (0.7) | |||
Some College (2 years) | 263 | 14.2 | 11.3 (7.4) | 1.2 (2.2) | 0.16 (0.8) | |||
College degree (4 years) | 553 | 29.8 | 10.5 (7.3) | 1.2 (2.1) | 0.18 (0.7) | |||
Family-level purchasing power†‡ | 0.005 | 0.272 | 0.217 | |||||
Low | 861 | 46.2 | 12.2 (8.0) | 1.3 (2.4) | 0.24 (0.7) | |||
Medium | 705 | 37.9 | 11.6 (7.4) | 1.2 (2.2) | 0.22 (0.8) | |||
High | 296 | 15.9 | 10.5 (6.9) | 1.1 (2.2) | 0.15 (0.4) | |||
Breastfeeding (months) | 0.836 | 0.295 | 0.936 | |||||
None | 187 | 10.0 | 11.9 (7.3) | 1.0 (1.8) | 0.24 (0.9) | |||
1 to 2 months | 289 | 15.5 | 11.5 (7.0) | 1.1 (1.9) | 0.22 (0.6) | |||
3 to 5 months | 739 | 39.7 | 11.9 (7.8) | 1.3 (2.4) | 0.20 (0.7) | |||
≥6 months | 282 | 15.1 | 11.3 (7.7) | 1.2 (2.4) | 0.22 (0.7) | |||
No response | 366 | 19.6 | 11.8 (7.8) | 1.4 (2.6) | 0.24 (0.6) | |||
Health status† | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Optimal | 1704 | 91.5 | 11.4 (7.5) | 1.2 (2.1) | 0.20 (0.6) | |||
Suboptimal | 158 | 8.5 | 14.7 (8.8) | 1.9 (3.5) | 0.44 (1.2) | |||
Weight status at age 4 according to z-BMI§ | 0.459 | 0.707 | 0.421 | |||||
No excess weight | 1453 | 78.0 | 11.7 (7.6) | 1.3 (2.3) | 0.21 (0.7) | |||
Overweight | 315 | 16.9 | 11.5 (7.4) | 1.2 (2.2) | 0.26 (0.8) | |||
Obesity | 95 | 5.1 | 12.6 (8.7) | 1.3 (2.3) | 0.16 (0.5) | |||
Weight status at age 4 according to waist circumference†¶ | 0.184 | 0.611 | 0.711 | |||||
No abdominal obesity | 1732 | 93.3 | 11.7 (7.6) | 1.2 (2.3) | 0.22 (0.7) | |||
Abdominal obesity | 125 | 6.7 | 12.6 (8.1) | 1.4 (2.0) | 0.20 (0.5) | |||
Weight status at age four according to waist-to-height ratio†** | 0.118 | 0.189 | 0.412 | |||||
No abdominal obesity | 1670 | 89.9 | 11.6 (7.6) | 1.2 (2.3) | 0.22 (0.7) | |||
Abdominal obesity | 187 | 10.1 | 12.6 (8.2) | 1.5 (2.5) | 0.18 (0.5) |
*Student’s t-test (two groups) or analysis of variance (more than two groups).
†Variables with missing values.
‡Family level purchasing power estimated using the Family Affluence Scale.
§Overweight: +1 SD of the BMI (z-scores) (z-BMI); Obesity: +2 SD of z-BMI, based on the WHO-2006 reference tables.
¶Abdominal obesity: ≥90 percentile according to reference tables by Fernández et al.15
**Abdominal obesity: ≥90 percentile del waist-to-height ratio (both in cm).
BMI, body mass index.