Table 1

Model inputs: time, success and urine test results

Parameter	Estimate (mean)	Number of data estimate derived from (N)	SD	Distribution	Source
Urine bag
Procedure time	85 min	23	67 min	Log normal	McKune35
Success	96%	169	48%*	Beta	Alam et al 36
Contamination	46%	13	23%*	Beta	Tosif et al 8
Send sample for culture	72%	504	36%*	Beta	Schroeder et al 37
Recall patient if culture contaminated	33%	20	23%	Beta	Expert opinion†
Clean catch
Procedure time	31 min	218	42 min	Log normal	Tosif et al 11
Success	64%	218	45%	Beta	Tosif et al 11
Contamination	26%	202	13%*	Beta	Tosif et al 8
Send sample for culture	80%	160	40%*	Beta	Tosif et al 11
Recall patient if culture contaminated	40%	20	25%	Beta	Expert opinion†
Voiding stimulation (Quick-Wee method)
Procedure time	5 min	N/A‡	N/A‡	Fixed	Kaufman et al 15
Success	30%	174	47%	Beta	Kaufman e t al 15
Contamination	27%	44	47%	Beta	Kaufman et al 15
Send sample for culture	85%	52	42%*	Beta	Kaufman et al 15
Recall patient if culture contaminated	37%	20	20%	Beta	Expert opinion†
Catheter
Procedure time	12 min	45	7 min	Log normal	Baumann et al 38
Success	90%	148	45%*	Beta	Poonai 201539¶¶
Contamination	12%	97	6%*	Beta	Tosif et al 8
Send sample for culture	95%	1030	47%*	Beta	Schroeder e t al 37
Recall patient if culture contaminated	60%	20	23%	Beta	Expert opinion†
Suprapubic aspirate
Procedure time	8 min	20	4 min	Log normal	Expert opinion†
Success	44%	38	22%*	Beta	Munir e t al 10
Contamination	1%	84	0.05%*	Beta	Tosif e t al 8
Send sample for culture	100%	N/A¶	N/A§¶	Fixed	RCH5
Recall patient if culture contaminated	72%	20	26%	Beta	Expert opinion†

Procedure time: from starting collection process to when urine voided or collection attempt stopped.
^¶¶Personal correspondence with author to clarify data.
*SD or data distribution not available; SD estimated using Briggs assumption.40
†Where published data were unavailable, we used expert opinion from surveying 20 senior paediatricians and paediatric emergency physicians.
‡Assumed fixed 5 min duration for all voiding stimulation attempts.
§Personal correspondence with author to clarify data.
¶Based on Clinical Practice Guideline recommendation.
RCH, Royal Children’s Hospital.