Characteristics of participants by hospitalisation status
| Variables | Overall | Hospitalisation during the first 12 months | P value* | |
| Yes | No | |||
| Total, n (%) | 1709 (100) | 423 (24.8) | 1286 (75.2) | |
| Maternal age (years), mean±SD | 27.5±5.3 | 27.1±5.1 | 27.6±5.3 | 0.072 |
| Occupation, n (%) | 0.816 | |||
| Currently not working | 533 (31.2) | 130 (30.7) | 403 (31.3) | |
| Currently working | 1176 (68.8) | 293 (69.3) | 883 (68.7) | |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.031 | |||
| Secondary school or lower | 574 (33.6) | 146 (34.5) | 428 (33.3) | |
| High school graduate | 445 (26.0) | 127 (30.0) | 318 (24.7) | |
| College/university or above | 690 (40.4) | 150 (35.5) | 540 (42.0) | |
| Parity, n (%) | 0.720 | |||
| 0 | 655 (38.3) | 160 (37.8) | 495 (38.5) | |
| 1 | 636 (37.2) | 164 (38.8) | 472 (36.7) | |
| ≥2 | 418 (24.5) | 99 (23.4) | 319 (24.8) | |
| Pre pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean±SD | 20.1±2.4 | 20.1±2.5 | 20.1±2.4 | 0.945 |
| Gestational diabetes†, n (%) | 0.391 | |||
| Yes | 373 (21.8) | 86 (20.3) | 287 (22.3) | |
| No | 1336 (78.2) | 337 (79.7) | 999 (77.7) | |
| Gestational age (weeks), n (%) | 0.214 | |||
| Preterm: <37 | 71 (4.2) | 22 (5.2) | 49 (3.8) | |
| Not preterm: ≥37 | 1638 (95.8) | 401 (94.8) | 1237 (96.2) | |
| Gestational weight gain (kg), mean±SD | 13.0±4.0 | 13.3±3.8 | 13.0±4.0 | 0.112 |
| Caesarean section, n (%) | 0.784 | |||
| Yes | 653 (38.2) | 164 (38.8) | 489 (38.0) | |
| No | 1056 (61.8) | 259 (61.2) | 797 (62.0) | |
| Infant gender, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Boy | 875 (51.2) | 249 (58.9) | 626 (48.7) | |
| Girl | 834 (48.8) | 174 (41.1) | 660 (51.3) | |
| Birth weight (g), mean±SD | 3146.2±395.0 | 3120.3±427.7 | 3154.7±383.4 | 0.143 |
| Admission to NICU, n (%) | 0.078 | |||
| Yes | 44 (2.6) | 16 (3.8) | 28 (2.2) | |
| No | 1665 (97.4) | 407 (96.2) | 1258 (97.8) | |
| Prelacteal feeding, n (%) | 966 (56.5) | 258 (61.0) | 708 (55.0) | 0.033 |
| Early formula feeding, n (%) | 1352 (79.1) | 350 (82.7) | 1002 (77.9) | 0.034 |
*From χ2 and t-tests.
†Based on International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria (2010).
BMI, body mass index; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; SD, Standard deviation.