Table 3

District service provision compared between intervention and control districts from March 2016 to March 2017

Intervention districts mean % (SD)Control districts mean % (SD)Minimally adjusted mean % difference* (95% CI)P valueFully adjusted mean % difference†
(95% CI)
P value
Maternal services
 Number of pregnant or postpartum womenn=1 93 482n=1 45 314
 Proportion of pregnant women who received at least one ANC visit83.6 (31.1)61.3 (39.0)17.79 (4.51 to 31.07)0.00914.84 (1.66 to 28.01)0.03
 Proportion pregnant women who received a tetanus toxoid vaccine82.4 (38.9)56.3 (36.1)17.48 (4.30 to 30.66)0.0114.48 (0.11 to 28.84)0.04
 Proportion of pregnant women who delivered at a health facility37.2 (42.0)20.0 (20.7)17.06 (4.58 to 29.55)0.00813.53 (−0.57 to 27.63)‡0.06
 Proportion of postpartum women who received at least one PNC visit31.9 (24.5)20.8 (19.8)4.62 (−3.03 to 12.28)0.232.79 (− 5.11 to 10.70)0.48
Child health services
 Number of children under 1 yearn=1 93 412n=1 45 293
 Proportion of children under 1 year who received their third pentavalent vaccine76.4 (28.7)62.4 (33.9)9.69 (−1.71 to 21.10)0.097.55 (−4.20 to 19.30)0.20
 Proportion of children under 1 year who received their first measles vaccine73.8 (26.6)57.3 (30.5)14.02 (3.58 to 24.45)0.00912.78 (2.08 to 23.48)0.02
 Number of children under 5 yearsn=9 67 410n=7 26 462
 Proportion of children under 5 years who received at least one IMCI service for diarrhoea or pneumonia55.1 (33.6)33.5 (22.6)9.21 (0.43 to 18.00)0.0410.34 (1.40 to 19.27)0.02
  • *Adjusted for random effects by district.

  • †Adjusted for access (security risk, mountainous, remoteness), socio-demographics (wealth quintile, female education, female careseeking), clinic density (number of clinics per population) and random effects by district.

  • ‡Estimated G matrix is not positive definite. Models ran without random effects by district.

  • ANC, antenatal care; IMCI, integrated management of childhood illnesses; PNC,  postnatal care.