Relative risk of mortality during the first year of life by ethnic group (n=5131; multivariable analysis with multiple imputation)
| Relative risk (RR) (95% CI) | P value | |
| Ethnicity (reference: white) | ||
| British Asian | 1.52 (1.19 to 1.95) | <0.001 |
| Black British | 1.23 (0.85 to 1.78) | 0.273 |
| All other (non-white) | 1.62 (1.20 to 2.20) | 0.002 |
| Sex (reference: boys) | ||
| Girls | 1.04 (0.86 to 1.24) | 0.695 |
| Area deprivation (IMD) quintile (reference: quintile 5=least deprived) | ||
| Quintile 4 | 1.27 (0.90 to 1.79) | 0.181 |
| Quintile 3 | 1.07 (0.75 to 1.53) | 0.700 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.33 (0.97 to 1.83) | 0.079 |
| Quintile 1: most deprived | 1.08 (0.78 to 1.49) | 0.648 |
| Birth gestation (reference: term birth ≥37 weeks’ gestation) | ||
| Preterm (<37 weeks) | 1.31 (0.90 to 1.90) | 0.151 |
| Prenatal diagnosis (reference: not prenatally diagnosed) | ||
| Prenatal diagnosis | 1.58 (1.28 to 1.95) | <0.001 |
| Non-cardiac comorbidities/procedure-related clinical status (reference: no comorbidities) | ||
| Congenital anomalies | 1.86 (1.49 to 2.31) | <0.001 |
| Acquired comorbidities | 1.59 (1.19 to 2.13) | 0.002 |
| Neurodevelopmental problems | 0.88 (0.60 to 1.29) | 0.523 |
| Preprocedure deterioration | 1.52 (1.24 to 1.86) | <0.001 |
| Index admission | ||
| Age (per week increase) | 0.95 (0.94 to 0.97) | <0.001 |
| Weight z-score | 0.93 (0.84 to 1.03) | 0.168 |
| Primary cardiac diagnoses (reference: VSD) | ||
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 4.92 (3.03 to 7.99) | <0.001 |
| Functionally univentricular heart | 3.99 (2.45 to 6.47) | <0.001 |
| Common arterial trunk | 2.53 (1.33 to 4.83) | 0.005 |
| TGA with VSD/DORV-TGA type | 0.93 (0.50 to 1.73) | 0.817 |
| Interrupted aortic arch | 2.15 (1.03 to 4.48) | 0.041 |
| TGA+IVS | 0.78 (0.34 to 1.78) | 0.554 |
| Pulmonary atresia+IVS | 2.96 (1.71 to 5.15) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary atresia+VSD | 2.56 (1.46 to 4.47) | <0.001 |
| Miscellaneous primary cardiac diagnoses | 1.92 (1.12 to 3.31) | 0.018 |
| Complete AVSD | 1.56 (0.94 to 2.59) | 0.087 |
| Fallot’s tetralogy/DORV Fallot type | 1.23 (0.68 to 2.21) | 0.495 |
| Aortic valve stenosis (isolated) | 3.60 (1.99 to 6.52) | <0.001 |
| Tricuspid valve abnormality | 2.84 (1.19 to 6.77) | 0.019 |
| Mitral valve abnormality | 4.80 (2.46 to 9.37) | <0.001 |
| TAPVC | 0.92 (0.36 to 2.36) | 0.857 |
| Aortic arch obstruction | 0.86 (0.48 to 1.53) | 0.600 |
| Pulmonary stenosis | 0.53 (0.16 to 1.71) | 0.289 |
| ASD | 2.93 (1.28 to 6.71) | 0.011 |
| PDA | 1.39 (0.57 to 3.38) | 0.466 |
| Miscellaneous congenital terms | 0.83 (0.20 to 3.42) | 0.801 |
Results from a multivariable Poisson model with 20 imputed datasets. Bold text indicates significant result at p<0.05.
AVSD, atrioventricular septal defect; ASD, atrial septal defect; DORV, double outlet right ventricle; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; IVS, intact ventricular septum; PDA, persistent ductus arteriosus; TGA, transposition of the great arteries; TAPVC, totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection; VSD, ventricular septal defect.