Association between caregiver experiences of racism and child health service utilisation, with findings presented for unadjusted models (M0) to models that are adjusted for potential confounders and pathway variables
| Dissatisfied with child’s medical centre*† | No usual healthcare provider | Unmet need for healthcare | ||
| OR (95% CI) | Pooled OR (95% CI) | Pooled OR (95% CI) | ||
| Model for any racial discrimination (‘ever’) | ||||
| M0: unadjusted | 2.48 (1.62 to 3.81) | 1.23 (0.81 to 1.90) | 2.53 (1.68 to 3.80) | |
| M1: ethnicity, gender and age | 2.39 (1.56 to 3.65) | 1.10 (0.71 to 1.72) | 2.34 (1.65 to 3.32) | |
| M2a: caregiver satisfaction with own health service | 1.98 (1.25 to 3.14) | NA | NA | |
| M2b: neighbourhood deprivation, highest educational qualification | 2.00 (1.26 to 3.16) | 1.11 (0.71 to 1.72) | 2.30 (1.65 to 3.20) | |
| M3: psychological distress | 1.76 (1.11 to 2.79) | 1.07 (0.67 to 1.71) | 1.89 (1.14 to 3.12) | |
| Model for level of racial discrimination | Level | |||
| M0: unadjusted | 1 report 2+ reports | 2.40 (1.53 to 3.76) 2.60 (1.23 to 5.51) | 1.18 (0.71 to 1.98) 1.28 (0.61 to 2.67) | 2.07 (1.48 to 2.91) 3.38 (1.22 to 9.35) |
| M1: ethnicity, gender and age | 1 report 2+ reports | 2.29 (1.42 to 3.68) 2.55 (1.26 to 5.17) | 1.08 (0.64 to 1.81) 1.15 (0.61 to 2.15) | 1.93 (1.38 to 2.71) 3.09 (1.23 to 7.72) |
| M2a: caregiver satisfaction with own health service | 1 report 2+ reports | 1.94 (1.14 to 3.30) 2.00 (1.03 to 3.88) | NA NA | NA NA |
| M2b: neighbourhood deprivation, highest educational qualification | 1 report 2+ reports | 2.02 (1.18 to 3.46) 1.90 (1.00 to 3.60) | 1.07 (0.64 to 1.80) 1.15 (0.62 to 2.16) | 1.89 (1.34 to 2.67) 3.06 (1.27 to 7.37) |
| M3: psychological distress | 1 report 2+ reports | 1.81 (1.08 to 3.04) 1.67 (0.84 to 3.35) | 1.04 (0.61 to 1.78) 1.05 (0.47 to 2.35) | 1.60 (1.12 to 2.29) 2.43 (0.84 to 6.99) |
*This variable was only available for the 2011/2012 New Zealand Health Survey; thus, meta-analytical techniques were note used. These models were additionally adjusted for caregiver satisfaction with own health service (M2a).
†Response options were categorised as ‘very dissatisfied/dissatisfied/neither satisfied or dissatisfied’ versus ‘very satisfied/satisfied’.
NA, not applicable.