ORs (95% CIs) for the association between parental absence before age 7 and smoking and alcohol consumption at age 11
| Model 1 (crude association) | Model 2 (multivariable adjusted*) | |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Smoked by age 11 | ||
| All children (n=10 940) | ||
| Parental absence | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 2.58 (1.88 to 3.56) | 1.54 (1.07 to 2.20) |
| Children who experienced parental absence (n=2635) | ||
| Age at parental absence | ||
| Birth to 9 months | Reference | Reference |
| 9 months–3 years | 1.46 (0.57 to 3.72) | 1.57 (0.59 to 4.19) |
| 3–5 years | 2.03 (0.77 to 5.37) | 2.64 (0.95 to 7.31) |
| 5–7 years | 1.75 (0.65 to 4.69) | 2.57 (0.90 to 7.39) |
| Which parent absent | ||
| Father | Reference | Reference |
| Mother | 0.32 (0.05 to 2.06) | 0.31 (0.05 to 2.14) |
| Mother and father | 0.80 (0.17 to 3.70) | 0.72 (0.16 to 3.22) |
| Reason for absence | ||
| Death | 0.97 (0.28 to 3.41) | 1.00 (0.27 to 3.72) |
| Other reason | Reference | Reference |
| Drank alcohol by age 11 | ||
| All children (n=10 940) | ||
| Parental absence | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.46 (1.25 to 1.72) | 1.27 (1.06 to 1.53) |
| Children who experienced parental absence (n=2635) | ||
| Age at parental absence | ||
| Birth to 9 months | Reference | Reference |
| 9 months–3 years | 1.59 (0.87 to 2.91) | 1.57 (0.84 to 2.93) |
| 3–5 years | 1.38 (0.76 to 2.50) | 1.39 (0.74 to 2.60) |
| 5–7 years | 1.22 (0.64 to 2.32) | 1.26 (0.64 to 2.46) |
| Which parent absent | ||
| Father | Reference | Reference |
| Mother | 0.63 (0.24 to 1.66) | 0.61 (0.23 to 1.58) |
| Mother and father | 1.47 (0.57 to 3.80) | 1.54 (0.59 to 4.01) |
| Reason for absence | ||
| Death | 0.28 (0.08 to 0.91) | 0.29 (0.09 to 0.94) |
| Other reason | Reference | Reference |
| Drunk enough to feel drunk by age 11 | ||
| All children (n=10 940) | ||
| Parental absence | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 2.19 (1.32 to 3.63) | 1.75 (0.99 to 3.10) |
| Children who experienced parental absence (n=2635) | ||
| Age at parental absence | ||
| Birth to 9 months | Reference | Reference |
| 9 months–3 years | 2.22 (0.57 to 8.59) | 1.20 (0.30 to 4.86) |
| 3–5 years | 1.63 (0.38 to 6.94) | 2.31 (0.59 to 9.07) |
| 5–7 years | 2.04 (0.42 to 9.84) | 1.87 (0.44 to 7.91) |
| Which parent absent | ||
| Father | Reference | Reference |
| Mother | 0.88 (0.10 to 7.88) | 1.10 (0.11 to 11.08) |
| Mother and father | Not estimated | Not estimated |
| Reason for absence | ||
| Death | 12.46 (1.62 to 96.17) | 12.37 (1.56 to 98.43) |
| Other reason | Reference | Reference |
*Adjusted for maternal age at birth, gestational age, maternal smoking during pregnancy, highest parental education level, mother's ethnicity and the child's age, birth weight and sex and.