Results of multivariable linear regression analyses of effect of cleft type on the z-scores for the six assessed areas of learning of the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile (difference compared with CL with 95% CI)
| Characteristic | Personal, social and emotional development | Communication, language and literacy | Mathematical development | Knowledge and understanding of the world | Physical development | Creative development |
| Cleft type | ||||||
| CL | rc | rc | rc | rc | rc | rc |
| CP | −0.25 (−0.35 to 0.15) | −0.28 (−0.38 to 0.19) | −0.27 (−0.37 to 0.17) | −0.31 (−0.41 to 0.20) | −0.32 (−0.44 to 0.20) | −0.28 (−0.39 to 0.18) |
| UCLP | −0.11 (−0.22 to 0.01) | −0.19 (−0.28 to 0.09) | 0.15 (−0.26 to 0.05) | −0.18 (−0.29 to 0.07) | −0.14 (−0.26 to 0.01) | −0.15 (−0.26 to0.03) |
| BCLP | −0.19 (−0.33 to 0.05) | −0.30 (−0.43 to 0.17) | −0.19 (−0.33 to 0.04) | −0.25 (−0.40 to 0.10) | −0.37 (−0.54 to 0.21) | −0.25 (−0.40 to 0.10) |
| IDACI | ||||||
| 1 (most deprived) | rc | rc | rc | rc | rc | rc |
| 2 | 0.09 (−0.02 to 0.21) | 0.11 (0.00 to 0.22) | 0.18 (0.07 to 0.30) | 0.23 (0.11 to 0.35) | 0.13 (−0.01 to 0.27) | 0.16 (0.03 to 0.28) |
| 3 | 0.25 (0.13 to 0.37) | 0.32 (0.21 to 0.44) | 0.40 (0.28 to 0.53) | 0.45 (0.32 to 0.58) | 0.30 (0.15 to 0.44) | 0.37 (0.24 to 0.50) |
| 4 | 0.41 (0.29 to 0.54) | 0.48 (0.36 to 0.59) | 0.55 (0.42 to 0.68) | 0.54 (0.40 to 0.67) | 0.43 (0.28 to 0.58) | 0.50 (0.36 to 0.63) |
| 5 (least deprived) | 0.51 (0.37 to 0.64) | 0.58 (0.46 to 0.71) | 0.71 (0.57 to 0.84) | 0.69 (0.55 to 0.83) | 0.53 (0.37 to 0.69) | 0.59 (0.45 to 0.74) |
| Free school meals | ||||||
| No | rc | rc | rc | rc | rc | rc |
| Yes | −0.38 (−0.48 to 0.27) | −0.47 (−0.57 to 0.38) | −0.41 (−0.52 to 0.31) | −0.36 (−0.47 to 0.25) | −0.34 (−0.46 to 0.21) | −0.35 (−0.46 to 0.24) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | rc | rc | rc | rc | rc | rc |
| Other | −0.07 (−0.17 to 0.03) | −0.08 (−0.18 to 0.01) | −0.14 (−0.24 to 0.03) | −0.14 (−0.25 to 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.17 to 0.07) | −0.08 (−0.19 to . 03) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Girls | rc | rc | rc | rc | rc | rc |
| Boys | −0.36 (−0.44 to −0.28) | −0.33 (−0.41 to −0.26) | −0.18 (−0.26 to 0.10) | −0.15 (−0.24 to 0.07) | −0.42 (−0.52 to 0.32) | −0.58 (−0.66 to 0.49) |
| R-squared | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.12 |
BCLP, bilateral cleft lip and palate; CL, cleft lip; CP, cleft palate; IDACI, Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index; rc, reference category; UCLP, unilateral cleft lip and palate.