Between-group differences on sleep and related outcomes
| FC CMT | FC control | ||
| Sleep outcomes | Mean±SD or count (%) | p Value | |
| Objective measures | |||
| Total sleep time—night (hours)* | 6.56±1.4 | 7.21±0.6 | 0.019† |
| Total sleep time—day (hours)* | 0.36±0.4 | 0.15±0.2 | 0.004† |
| Longest sleep session—night (hours)* | 2.96±1.3 | 4.21±1.7 | 0.001 |
| Longest sleep session—day (hours)* | 0.24±0.3 | 0.10±0.1 | 0.004 |
| Nocturnal awakenings—objective* | 8.00±3.9 | 6.01±3.7 | 0.014† |
| Subjective measures | |||
| Sleep quality (PSQI) | 7.75±2.9‡ | 5.45±2.8§ | 0.001† |
| Sleep onset latency >30 min¶ | 68 (23.1) | 33 (11.0) | 0.001** |
| Nocturnal awakenings— subjective | 2.35±2.0‡ | 1.42±1.5§ | 0.005 |
| Construct outcomes | |||
| HRQoL | |||
| SF-12—physical functioning component | 41.81±5.8 | 42.18±5.0 | 0.647 |
| SF-12—mental functioning component | 47.25±7.5 | 49.81±52 | 0.072 |
| Depression | |||
| CES-D | 11.70±8.7†† | 6.95 ± 6.0‡‡ | 0.008 |
| CES-D 16–21 | 7 (16.7)†† | 3 (7.0)‡‡ | |
| CES-D >21 | 5 (11.9)†† | 1 (2.3)‡‡ | |
| Excessive daytime sleepiness | |||
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale | 8.35±4.2 | 5.07±3.3 | <0.001 |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale >10 | 16 (38.1) | 5 (11.6) | |
| Fatigue | |||
| Multidimensional assessment of fatigue | 22.12±9.1§§ | 17.44±9.0¶¶ | 0.021 |
Independent groups t-tests used for continuous variables.
*n=40 averaged for all sleep periods by actigraphy.
†χ2 test used for categorical variables.
‡n=42.
§n=43.
¶n=280 counted for all sleep diary entries per sleep period.
**Mann-Whitney U test used for non-normal distributions.
††n=40.
‡‡n=39.
§§n=40.
¶¶n=42.
CES-D, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CMT, children who depend on medical technology; FC, family caregivers; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.