The nutrient composition of diets by frequency of takeaway meal consumption in 1948 children
| Frequency of takeaway meal consumption | Differences/ % differences* ≥1week − never or hardly ever | P value (trend) | |||
| Never, hardly ever (n=499) | <1 per week (n=894) | ≥1 per week (n=555) | |||
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | |||
| Total energy (kcals) | 1723 (1678 to 1767) | 1850 (1816 to 1885) | 1950 (1908 to 1993) | 228 (169 to 286) | <0.0001 |
| Energy density | 6.7 (6.6 to 6.9) | 7.0 (6.9 to 7.1) | 7.3 (7.1 to 7.4) | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7) | <0.0001 |
| Fat % energy | 33.5 (32.9 to 34.0) | 34.4 (34.0 to 34.8) | 34.8 (34.3 to 35.4) | 1.4 (0.6 to 2.2) | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat % energy | 12.2 (11.9 to 12.5) | 12.7 (12.4 to 12.9) | 13.1 (12.8 to 13.4) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.3) | <0.0001 |
| Monounsaturated fat % energy | 11.0 (10.7 to 11.3) | 11.5 (11.2 to 11.7) | 11.7 (11.4 to 11.9) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.0) | <0.001 |
| Polyunsaturated fat % energy | 6.6 (6.3 to 6.9) | 6.6 (6.4 to 6.8) | 6.4 (6.1 to 6.7) | −0.2 (−0.6 to 0.2) | 0.27 |
| Carbohydrates % energy | 52.6 (52.0 to 53.2) | 52.0 (51.5 to 52.4) | 51.8 (51.2 to 52.4) | −0.8 (−1.6 to 0.0) | 0.06 |
| Sugars % energy | 22.3 (21.6 to 22.9) | 22.6 (22.1 to 23.1) | 22.6 (21.9 to 23.2) | 0.3 (−0.5 to 1.1) | 0.48 |
| Starch % energy | 29.8 (29.2 to 30.4) | 28.9 (28.4 to 29.4) | 28.7 (28.1 to 29.3) | −1.1 (−1.8, to 0.4) | 0.004 |
| Non-starch polysaccharides (g) | 11.6 (11.1 to 12.0) | 11.9 (11.5 to 12.3) | 12.0 (11.5 to 12.4) | 0.4 (−0.2 to 0.9) | 0.20 |
| Protein % energy | 13.6 (13.3 to 13.9) | 13.3 (13.1 to 13.6) | 13.0 (12.7 to 13.3) | −0.6 (−1.0, to 0.2) | 0.003 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg)* | 3.0 (2.8 to 3.3) | 2.9 (2.8 to 3.1) | 2.9 (2.7 to 3.1) | 8.2 (−1.3 to 18.7) | 0.22 |
| Vitamin C (mg)* | 83.7 (77.8 to 90.1) | 82.6 (77.9 to 87.5) | 76.2 (71.0 to 81.8) | −0.6 (−9.6 to 9.4) | 0.05 |
| Iron (mg)* | 8.9 (8.7 to 9.2) | 8.9 (8.7 to 9.1) | 8.6 (8.4 to 8.9) | 7.3 (2.7 to 12.0) | 0.09 |
| Calcium (mg)* | 748 (722 to 776) | 719 (698 to 741) | 681 (657 to 705) | 2.4 (−2.9 to 8.1) | <0.0001 |
| Folate (µg)* | 207 (199 to 215) | 196 (191 to 203) | 195 (188 to 203) | 3.2 (−1.9 to 8.6) | 0.02 |
Means and 95% CIs are adjusted for age (quartiles), sex, month, ethnic group, socioeconomic status and school (random effect), micronutrients are also adjusted for total energy intake.
*Geometric means are presented for variables that were log transformed prior to undertaking the analysis.