Virus | Disease | Geography | Human infection source | Incubation (days) | Treatment | Clinical precautions | Common clinical features and case fatality rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family: Filoviridae; Genera: Ebolavirus1, Marburgvirus2 | |||||||
Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus1 | Ebola virus disease | Africa (central, western and eastern) | Fruit bats, infected non-human primates, human-to-human, nosocomial, sexual transmission | 2–21 | Supportive and antibody based therapies | Isolation of patient Full PPE for healthcare workers | Fever, weakness, headache, profuse diarrhoea, vomiting, conjunctival injection, hiccoughs, haemorrhage CFR=25–90% |
Marburg marburgvirus2 | Marburg HF | Africa (central, eastern and southern) | Fruit bats, infected non-human primates and forest antelope, human-to-human, nosocomial | 2–21 | Supportive | Isolation of patient Full PPE for healthcare workers | Fever, weakness, headache, myalgia, vomiting, diarrhoea, conjunctival injection, haemorrhage CFR=24–88% |
Family: Arenaviridae; Genus: Mammarenavirus | |||||||
Lassa mammarenavirus | Lassa fever | West and central Africa | Rodents, human-to-human, nosocomial, sexual transmission | 6–21 | Supportive and ribavirin | Isolation of patient Full PPE for healthcare workers | Fever, sore throat, retrosternal pain, myalgia, severe cases—gross oedema, haemorrhage, deafness CFR=Approximately 15% (hospitalised patients) |
Junin mammarenavirus | Argentine HF | Argentina | Rodents, human-to-human, nosocomial | 5–19 | Supportive and convalescent plasma | Isolation of patient Full PPE for healthcare workers | Fever, headache, myalgia, vomiting, retro-orbital pain, haemorrhage, irritability, ataxia CFR=up to 30% |
Machupo mammarenavirus | Bolivian HF | Bolivia | Rodents, human-to-human (rare), nosocomial (rare) | 5–19 | Supportive and ?ribavirin | Isolation of patient Full PPE for healthcare workers | Fever, headache, myalgia, vomiting, retro-orbital pain, haemorrhage, irritability, ataxia CFR=up to 30% |
Guanarito mammarenavirus | Venezuelan HF | Venezuela | Rodents, human-to-human, nosocomial | ?7–14 | Supportive and ?ribavirin | Isolation of patient Full PPE for healthcare workers | Fever, headache, sore throat, arthralgia/myalgia, diarrhoea, conjunctivitis, haemorrhage CFR=up to 30% |
Sabia mammarenavirus | Brazilian HF | Brazil | Rodents, human-to-human, nosocomial | ?7–14 | Supportive and ribavirin | Isolation of patient Full PPE for healthcare workers | Fever, headache, myalgia, vomiting, retro-orbital pain, haemorrhage, jaundice, hepatic necrosis CFR=up to 30% |
Chapare mammarenavirus | Chapare HF | Bolivia | Rodents, human-to-human, nosocomial | ?7–14 | Supportive and ribavirin | Isolation of patient Full PPE for healthcare workers | Unclear, little known, similar clinical presentation to Bolivian HF |
Lujo mammarenavirus | Lujo | Zambia | Rodents, human-to-human, nosocomial | 9–13 | Supportive and ribavirin | Isolation of patient Full PPE for healthcare workers | Fever, myalgia, sore throat, headache, diarrhoea, vomiting, rash, facial oedema, conjunctival injection, haemorrhage CFR=approx. 80% |
Family: Bunyaviridae; Genera: Nairovirus1, Phlebovirus2, Hantavirus3 | |||||||
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus1 | Crimean-Congo HF | Africa, Balkans, Russia, Middle East, central Asia, western China | Ticks, livestock animals (cattle, sheep, goats), ostriches, human-to-human, nosocomial | 1–13 | Supportive and ribavirin | Isolation of patient Full PPE for healthcare workers | Fever, myalgia, headache, vomiting, diarrhoea, bleeding (nose, gums) CFR=30% (15–70%), approximately 5% in children <18 years |
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus2 | Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome | China, Japan, South Korea and North Korea | Ticks, human-to-human, nosocomial | 5–15 | Supportive | Isolation of patient Full PPE for healthcare workers | Fever, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, myalgia, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache with evolving disseminated intravascular coagulation, haemorrhage and multiorgan failure. CFR=8% |
Rift Valley fever virus2 | Rift Valley fever | Sub-Saharan and northern Africa, Saudi Arabia, Yemen | Livestock animals, unpasteurised milk, Aedes mosquitoes, haematophagous flies | 2–6 | Supportive and ribavirin and antibody therapies | No interhuman transmission—Standard IP&C measures | Fever, myalgia/arthralgia, headache, photophobia CFR≤1% (approximately 50% in haemorrhagic form) |
Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Puumala virus3 | Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome | worldwide | Rodents | 9–35 | Supportive and ribavirin | No documented interhuman transmission—standard IP&C measures | Fever, headache, blurred vision, myalgia, vomiting, proteinuria, renal impairment, mild haemorrhage. Hantaan CFR=5–15% Puumala CFR≤1% |
Sin Nombre virus, Black Creek Canal virus, Bayou virus, Andes virus3 | Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | Americas | Rodents | 7–28 | Supportive | Occasional interhuman spread for Andesvirus—isolation of patient and full PPE. Standard IP&C measures for other Hantaviruses | Fever, myalgia, headache, vomiting, diarrhoea, shortness of breath, cough, pulmonary oedema, pleural effusion CFR=40–50% |
Family: Flaviviridae Genus: Flavivirus | |||||||
Dengue virus (types 1–4) | Dengue HF, Dengue shock syndrome | Africa, South-East Asia, West Pacific Americas, East Mediterranean region | Aedes mosquitoes | 4–10 | Supportive | No interhuman transmission—occasional nosocomial transmission from needlestick injuries—Standard IP&C measures | Fever, myalgia, headache, rash, haemorrhage CFR≤1% (up to 10% for severe (haemorrhagic) Dengue) |
Yellow fever virus | Yellow fever | Africa, South America | Aedes mosquitoes | 3–6 | Supportive | No known interhuman transmission—Standard IP&C measures. Aerosol infection in laboratory setting—full PPE | Jaundice, renal impairment, encephalopathy, haemorrhage CFR=20% |
Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus | Omsk HF | Russian federation | Ticks, infected muskrats | 3–14 | Supportive | No known interhuman spread—Standard IP&C measures. Aerosol infection in laboratory setting—full PPE | Biphasic—first phase: fever, myalgia, headache, diarrhoea, vomiting, haemorrhage second phase: fever, encephalitic symptoms CFR=0.4–2.5% |
Kyasanur forest disease virus | Kyasanur Forest disease | India, Western China | Ticks, infected monkeys | 3–8 | Supportive | Suggestion of nosocomial spread. Consider isolation and full PPE. High risk of infection in laboratory setting—full PPE | Biphasic—first phase: fever, myalgia, headache, haemorrhage, conjunctivitis second phase—neurological manifestations CFR=2–30% (recent studies indicate <4%) |
Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (variant of Kyasanur) | Alkhurma HF | Saudi Arabia, Egypt | Ticks, mosquitoes, infected animals (sheep, camels), unpasteurised milk | 3–8 | Supportive | No known interhuman transmission—Standard IP&C measures. | Fever, headache, myalgia/arthralgia, vomiting, haemorrhage, encephalitis CFR=Up to 25% |
CFR, case fatality rate; IP&C, infection prevention & control; PPE, personal protective equipment.