Univariable logistic regression of factors affecting outcome in children with systemic envenomation
| Variable | Died/major disability (n=27) | Discharged (n=83) | Unadjusted OR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (95% CI) | p Value | |||
| Age (years) (median, IQR) | 5 (3, 11) | 8 (5, 12) | – | 0.03 |
| Age ≤6 years | 16 (59) | 27 (32) | 1.82 (1.17 to 2.83) | 0.01 |
| Severe malnutrition | 9 (33) | 19 (23) | 1.7 (0.64 to 4.2) | 0.3 |
| Male gender | 18 (67) | 58 (70) | 0.95 (0.7 to 1.29) | 0.7 |
| Tourniquet use | 19 (70.4) | 41 (49.4) | 1.43 (1.03 to 1.97) | 0.056 |
| Native treatment | 11 (41) | 26 (31) | 1.30 (0.75 to 2.26) | 0.36 |
| Walking for > 1 km after bite | 6 (22) | 1 (1.2) | 18.4 (2.32 to 146.4) | 0.001 |
| Bite to SAV administration time (h) (median, IQR) | 6 (4, 12) | 5 (2, 8) | – | 0.11 |
| Bite to SAV administration >6 h | 10 (37) | 39 (47) | 0.78 (0.45 to 1.3) | 0.37 |
| Vomiting | 23 (85.2) | 50 (60) | 1.41 (1.12 to 1.79) | 0.02 |
| Abnormal 20 min WBCT test | 10 (37) | 51 (61) | 0.75 (0.48 to 1.19) | 0.8 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) (median, IQR) | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | – | 0.11 |
| Creatinine ≥0.6mg/dl | 17 (63) | 47 (56) | 1.11 (0.79 to 1.57) | 0.56 |
| PIM score (median, IQR) | −1.55 (−2.24, −0.55) | −1.3 (−2.18, −0.84) | – | 0.72 |
| Admission Hb ≤10 g/dl | 20 (74) | 17 (20.7) | 3.62 (2.24 to 5.84) | <0.001 |
| Type of envenomation*† | ||||
| Haematotoxic | 14 (52) | 58 (70) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.9) | 0.03 |
| Neurotoxic | 5 (19) | 15 (18) | 0.41 (0.1 to 1.6) | 0.21 |
| Local manifestations | 8 (30) | 10 (12) | – | – |
| Snake species† | ||||
| Vipera russeli | 5 (19) | 11 (13) | – | – |
| Echis carinatus | 6 (22) | 38 (46) | 0.34 (0.08 to 1.4) | 0.13 |
| Bungarus caerulus | 3 (11) | 8 (10) | 0.82 (0.15 to 4.5) | 0.82 |
| Naja naja | 8 (30) | 2 (2) | 8.7 (1.3 to 57) | 0.02 |
| Unidentified | 5 (19) | 24 (29) | 0.45 (0.1 to 1.9) | 0.28 |
Data are expressed as number (%) unless otherwise indicated.
*Predominant manifestation at presentation.
†The OR calculated for the group is in comparison with the first variable that is local manifestations in the case of type of envenomation and Vipera russeli in the case of snake species.
Hb, haemoglobin; PIM, Paediatric Index of Mortality; SAV, snake antivenom; WBCT, whole blood clotting time.