OR (95% CI) for obesity (BMI≥95th percentile vs <85th percentile) and overweight (BMI≥85th to <95th percentile vs <85th percentile) and regression estimates (95% CI) for the association of BMI z-score and sum of subscapular plus triceps skinfolds at age 3 years according to mode of delivery
| Outcome at age 3 years | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds of overweight* | Odds of obesity* | BMI z-score* (units) | Sum of subscapular plus triceps skinfolds (mm)† | ||
| Model | Mode of Delivery | OR (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | ||
| 0 | Vaginal | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Caesarean | 1.30 (0.92 to 1.85) | 2.40 (1.60 to 3.62) | 0.27 (0.14 to 0.41) | 0.96 (0.38 to 1.54) | |
| 1 | Vaginal | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Caesarean | 1.32 (0.92 to 1.87) | 2.43 (1.60 to 3.68) | 0.28 (0.14 to 0.41) | 1.06 (0.48 to 1.63) | |
| 2 | Vaginal | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Caesarean | 1.27 (0.89 to 1.81) | 2.15 (1.40 to 3.30) | 0.22 (0.08 to 0.35) | 0.94 (0.37 to 1.52) | |
| 3 | Vaginal | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Caesarean | 1.24 (0.86 to 1.77) | 2.10 (1.36 to 3.23) | 0.20 (0.07 to 0.33) | 0.94 (0.36 to 1.51) | |
Model 0 unadjusted for covariates.
Model 1 adjusted for maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, and child age and sex.
Model 2 adjusted for model 1 covariates and maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI).
Model 3 additionally adjusted for birth weight.
ORs were calculated using multivariable multinomial logistic regression.
↵* For models examining overweight, obesity, and BMI z-score outcomes, model 0 includes n=1237 participants. Model 1 includes n=1234 (excluded 3 participants with missing values for education and race/ethnicity). Models 2 and 3 include n=1230 (excluded 4 participants with missing values for maternal prepregnancy BMI).
↵† For the subscapular plus triceps skinfolds outcome, model 0 includes n=1199 participants. Model 1 includes n=1196 (excluded 3 participants with missing values for education and race/ethnicity). Models 2 and 3 include n=1192 (excluded 4 participants with missing values for maternal prepregnancy BMI).