Microorganisms causing osteoarticular infections in children in the UK
| Organism frequency |
|---|
| Common |
| Staphylococcus aureus(MSSA), 44–80%71947 |
| Kingella kingae, 14–50% (increased <36 months)71922242548 |
| Rare |
| Methicillin-resistant S aureus, 40–50% in USA, rare in UK4950 |
| PVL MSSA1727 |
| GAS |
| GBS (neonates)1151 |
| Non-typeable Haemophilus spp. (incidence unknown) |
| Haemophilus influenzae type b (non-immunised or immunodeficient) |
| Escherichia coli (neonates)1151 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae52 |
| Coagulase negative staphylococcus (subacute) |
| Very rare at any age (increased in immunodeficiency and where specific risk factors occur) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (usually inoculation injuries and therefore >1 year old) |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| Neisseria menigitidis (neonate, adolescent) |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (older children as OAI develops 2 years from primary infection) |
| Salmonella spp. (sickle cell disease)53 |
| Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (associated with defects of IFNg/IL12 pathway) |
| Klebsiella spp. |
| Bartonella henselae |
| Fusobacterium (often multifocal) |
| Aspergillus |
| Candida albicans (neonate, damaged bone) |
| Age-specific organisms | |
|---|---|
| Neonate | GBS |
| MSSA | |
| E coli and other gram negatives | |
| Candida albicans | |
| <2 years | MSSA |
| K kingae | |
| S pneumoniae | |
| H influenzae type b | |
| Non-typeable Haemophilus spp. | |
| E coli | |
| MSSA PVL | |
| 2–5 years | MSSA |
| K kingae | |
| GAS | |
| S pneumoniae | |
| H influenzae type b | |
| Non-typeable Haemophilus spp. | |
| Pseudomonas spp. | |
| Coagulase negative staphylococcus (subacute) | |
| MMSA PVL | |
| >5 years | MSSA |
| MSSA PVL | |
GAS, group A streptococci; GBS, group B streptococci; MSSA, methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; OAI, osteoarticular infections; PVL, Panton-Valentine leukocidin.