Unadjusted predictors of gluten avoidance in New Zealand children without doctor-diagnosed coeliac disease (n=907)
| Characteristics | OR (95% CI) | p Value |
|---|---|---|
| Christchurch site (vs Wellington site) | 3.04 (1.46 to 6.31) | 0.003 |
| Female (vs male) | 1.56 (0.81 to 3.00) | 0.18 |
| Ethnicity | ||
| European | 1 | - |
| Maori | 0.70 (0.24 to 2.01) | 0.51 |
| Pacific and Other | 0.53 (0.12 to 2.25) | 0.39 |
| New Zealand deprivation index | ||
| Most affluent (1–3) | 1 | - |
| Moderately affluent (4–6) | 0.98 (0.43 to 2.25) | 0.97 |
| Least affluent (7–10) | 1.64 (0.78 to 3.47) | 0.19 |
| Maternal age at birth | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.11) | 0.38 |
| Any maternal smoking during pregnancy (yes) | 0.14 (0.02 to 1.00) | 0.05 |
| Gestational age at birth | 1.26 (0.95 to 1.68) | 0.11 |
| Birth weight | 1.06 (0.52 to 2.15) | 0.88 |
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding | 1.08 (0.92 to 1.26) | 0.34 |
| History of wheat or gluten allergy in the family† | 7.36 (2.56 to 21.13) | <0.001 |
| Prior testing for coeliac disease | 10.92 (5.21 to 22.91) | <0.001 |
| Doctor-diagnosed lactose intolerance | 5.91 (2.42 to 14.42) | <0.001 |
↵† Any of the immediate family members including mother, father or siblings of the child.