Environmental factors reported to be associated with ADHD
Maternally related prenatal risks | Alcohol in pregnancy |
Smoking in pregnancy | |
Drug use in pregnancyMaternal stress in pregnancy | |
Maternal health in pregnancy (obesity) | |
Pregnancy and birth complications | Bleeding in pregnancy |
Protracted/complicated delivery | |
Prematurity/low birth weight/intrauterine growth restriction | |
Low APGAR score | |
External agents | Infections |
Exposure to lead and other toxins eg, PCB | |
Nutritional factors | |
Psychosocial adversities |
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl.