Distribution of demographic characteristics, home learning, family routines and psychosocial environment for full and analysed samples
| Age 3 | Age 5 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample at age 3 (n=15 382) | Socioemotional difficulties (n=11 562) | School readiness (n=10 930) | Verbal ability (n=11 467) | Full sample at age 5 (n=15 042) | Socioemotional difficulties (n=13 603) | Verbal ability (n=13 537) | Non-verbal ability (n=13 533) | Spatial ability (n=13 488) | |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Girls | 49.0 | 49.3 | 50.2 | 49.5 | 48.9 | 49.1 | 49.2 | 49.1 | 49.2 |
| Boys | 51.0 | 50.7 | 49.8 | 50.5 | 51.2 | 50.9 | 50.8 | 50.9 | 50.8 |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Child is firstborn | |||||||||
| Yes | 41.9 | 42.7 | 42.9 | 42.8 | 41.8 | 42.4 | 42.4 | 42.3 | 42.4 |
| No | 58.1 | 57.3 | 57.1 | 57.2 | 58.2 | 57.6 | 57.6 | 57.7 | 57.6 |
| Languages spoken in the home | |||||||||
| English only | 90.1 | 94.5 | 94.6 | 94.6 | 90.2 | 92.8 | 92.7 | 92.7 | 92.7 |
| Any others spoken | 9.9 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 9.8 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 |
| Mother's age at time of birth | |||||||||
| 35+ | 18.3 | 18.6 | 18.4 | 18.6 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 17.1 | 17.0 |
| 30–34 | 32.7 | 33.8 | 34.0 | 33.8 | 30.0 | 30.5 | 30.5 | 30.4 | 30.5 |
| 25–29 | 27.2 | 27.2 | 27.2 | 27.1 | 28.1 | 27.9 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 28.0 |
| 20–24 | 14.9 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 16.8 | 16.4 | 16.5 | 16.4 | 16.4 |
| 13–19 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.0 |
| Sweep 2 (age 3) | |||||||||
| Family income at 3 years | |||||||||
| Richest | 7.8 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 | |||||
| Band 2 | 18.7 | 19.8 | 19.9 | 19.9 | |||||
| Band 3 | 21.0 | 22.5 | 22.7 | 22.6 | |||||
| Band 4 | 23.3 | 23.2 | 23.5 | 23.3 | |||||
| Poorest | 17.0 | 15.7 | 15.6 | 15.7 | |||||
| Don't know or refused | 12.2 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 10.1 | |||||
| Home learning | |||||||||
| A parent has basic skills difficulties | |||||||||
| No | 85.1 | 86.9 | 87.1 | 86.9 | 84.3 | 85.3 | 85.2 | 85.2 | 85.2 |
| Yes | 41.9 | 13.1 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 15.7 | 14.7 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.8 |
| Someone reads stories to the child | |||||||||
| Every day | 63.8 | 66.7 | 66.6 | 66.5 | |||||
| 1–6 days per week | 31.5 | 29.9 | 30.0 | 30.1 | |||||
| Less often | 4.8 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | |||||
| Visits to the library | |||||||||
| At least weekly | 7.6 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 8.0 | |||||
| Less often | 92.4 | 92.1 | 92.0 | 92.0 | |||||
| Age 3 | Age 5 | ||||||||
| Full sample at age 3 (n=15 382) | Socioemotional difficulties (n=11 562) | School readiness (n=10 930) | Verbal ability (n=11 467) | Full sample at age 5 (n=15 042) | Socioemotional difficulties (n=13 603) | Verbal ability (n=13 537) | Non-verbal ability (n=13 533) | Spatial ability (n=13 488) | |
| Help with the alphabet | |||||||||
| At least weekly | 68.7 | 69.4 | 69.2 | 69.3 | |||||
| Less often | 31.3 | 30.6 | 30.8 | 30.7 | |||||
| Help with numbers/counting | |||||||||
| At least weekly | 91.9 | 92.9 | 93.1 | 92.9 | |||||
| Less often | 8.1 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 7.1 | |||||
| Learning songs, poems or rhymes | |||||||||
| At least weekly | 92.2 | 93.8 | 93.9 | 93.8 | |||||
| Less often | 7.8 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.2 | |||||
| Does drawing and painting | |||||||||
| At least weekly | 94.4 | 95.0 | 95.3 | 95.1 | |||||
| Less often | 5.6 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.9 | |||||
| Family routines | |||||||||
| Regular bedtimes | |||||||||
| Usually/always | 80.6 | 82.8 | 82.7 | 82.7 | |||||
| Rarely/never | 19.4 | 17.2 | 17.3 | 17.3 | |||||
| Regular mealtimes | |||||||||
| Usually/always | 91.8 | 93.4 | 93.4 | 93.4 | |||||
| Rarely/never | 8.3 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.6 | |||||
| Psychosocial environment | |||||||||
| Maternal K6 | |||||||||
| Score <9 | 90.4 | 91.4 | 91.4 | 91.3 | |||||
| Score ≥9 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.7 | |||||
| Child–parent relationship (Pianta) scale* | |||||||||
| Normal | 86.1 | 86.8 | 86.6 | 86.7 | |||||
| High | 13.9 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 13.4 | |||||
| Discipline strategies score* | |||||||||
| Normal | 89.1 | 89.2 | 89.2 | 89.1 | |||||
| High | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | |||||
| Parent–child items from HOME Inventory score* | |||||||||
| Normal | 88.9 | 89.5 | 90.0 | 89.7 | |||||
| High | 11.1 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 10.3 | |||||
| Mother's parenting competence | |||||||||
| Better than average | 59.0 | 59.6 | 59.4 | 59.3 | |||||
| Average or worse | 41.0 | 40.4 | 40.6 | 40.7 | |||||
| Family rules | |||||||||
| Lots of rules | 30.8 | 31.7 | 31.8 | 31.9 | |||||
| Not many rules | 42.4 | 41.0 | 41.0 | 40.9 | |||||
| It varies | 26.8 | 27.3 | 27.2 | 27.3 | |||||
| Enforcement of rules | |||||||||
| Strictly enforced | 49.4 | 51.0 | 50.9 | 51.0 | |||||
| Not very strictly enforced | 23.9 | 22.4 | 22.3 | 22.3 | |||||
| It varies | 26.7 | 26.6 | 26.9 | 26.7 | |||||
| Sweep 3 (age 5) | |||||||||
| Family income at 5 years | |||||||||
| Richest | 9.8 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | ||||
| Band 2 | 20.7 | 21.6 | 21.5 | 21.5 | 21.6 | ||||
| Band 3 | 20.8 | 21.5 | 21.5 | 21.5 | 21.5 | ||||
| Band 4 | 24.4 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 23.9 | ||||
| Poorest | 15.0 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.3 | ||||
| Don't know or refused | 9.3 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.3 | ||||
| Home learning | |||||||||
| Someone reads stories to the child | |||||||||
| Every day | 55.0 | 56.2 | 56.0 | 56.0 | 56.0 | ||||
| 1–6 days per week | 41.7 | 41.3 | 41.3 | 41.4 | 41.3 | ||||
| Age 3 | Age 5 | ||||||||
| Full sample at age 3 (n=15 382) | Socioemotional difficulties (n=11 562) | School readiness (n=10 930) | Verbal ability (n=11 467) | Full sample at age 5 (n=15 042) | Socioemotional difficulties (n=13 603) | Verbal ability (n=13 537) | Non-verbal ability (n=13 533) | Spatial ability (n=13 488) | |
| Less often | 3.3 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | ||||
| Help with reading | |||||||||
| At least weekly | 97.6 | 97.9 | 98.0 | 98.0 | 98.0 | ||||
| Less often | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||||
| Help with writing | |||||||||
| At least weekly | 87.4 | 87.7 | 87.8 | 87.8 | 87.8 | ||||
| Less often | 12.6 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | ||||
| Help with numbers | |||||||||
| At least weekly | 89.9 | 90.2 | 90.2 | 90.2 | 90.2 | ||||
| Less often | 10.1 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.8 | ||||
| Telling stories to the child | |||||||||
| At least weekly | 67.7 | 68.0 | 68.1 | 68.0 | 68.0 | ||||
| Less often | 32.3 | 32.0 | 32.0 | 32.0 | 32.0 | ||||
| Visits to the library | |||||||||
| At least weekly | 9.0 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 | ||||
| Less often | 91.0 | 91.2 | 91.2 | 91.2 | 91.3 | ||||
| Musical activities | |||||||||
| At least weekly | 91.5 | 92.4 | 92.2 | 92.2 | 92.2 | ||||
| Less often | 8.5 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | ||||
| Draws, paints or makes things | |||||||||
| At least weekly | 75.0 | 75.4 | 75.3 | 75.3 | 75.3 | ||||
| Less often | 25.0 | 24.6 | 24.7 | 24.7 | 24.7 | ||||
| Family routines | |||||||||
| Regular bedtimes | |||||||||
| Usually/always | 90.1 | 90.8 | 90.8 | 90.8 | 90.8 | ||||
| Rarely/never | 9.9 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.2 | ||||
| Regular mealtimes | |||||||||
| Usually/always | 93.0 | 93.6 | 93.6 | 93.6 | 93.6 | ||||
| Rarely/never | 7.0 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | ||||
| Psychosocial environment | |||||||||
| Maternal K6 | |||||||||
| Score <9 | 89.7 | 90.3 | 90.1 | 90.1 | 90.2 | ||||
| Score ≥9 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 9.8 | ||||
| Discipline strategies score* | |||||||||
| Normal | 84.1 | 84.4 | 84.4 | 84.3 | 84.4 | ||||
| High | 15.9 | 15.6 | 15.6 | 15.7 | 15.6 | ||||
| Mother's parenting competence | |||||||||
| Better than average | 59.8 | 60.0 | 59.9 | 59.9 | 59.9 | ||||
| Average or worse | 40.2 | 40.0 | 40.1 | 40.1 | 40.1 | ||||
| Whether the mother felt close to the child | |||||||||
| Extremely close | 70.0 | 70.3 | 70.1 | 70.1 | 70.1 | ||||
| Less close | 30.0 | 29.7 | 29.9 | 29.9 | 29.9 | ||||
↵* High scores indicate unfavourable circumstances.
HOME, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment.