Table 3

Crude and adjusted analyses of child's z score of weight-for-age (W/A), length or height-for-age (L/A or H/A), body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) and head circumference-for-age (HC/A) at each follow-up according to maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy, 2004 Pelotas cohort study

z Score	Crude coefficient (95% CI)	p Value	Adjusted coefficient (95% CI)	p Value
Maternal smoking
W/A at birth	−0.32 (−0.40 to −0.23)	<0.001	−0.32 (−0.41 to −0.22)^*	<0.001^†
3 months	−0.25 (−0.34 to −0.17)	<0.001	−0.13 (−0.21 to −0.05)^*	0.003
12 months	−0.13 (−0.21 to −0.06)	<0.001	0.03 (−0.06 to 0.11)^*	0.565
24 months	−0.23 (−0.31 to −0.15)	<0.001	−0.03 (−0.12 to 0.05)^*	0.409
48 months	−0.27 (−0.36 to −0.19)	<0.001	−0.02 (−0.11 to 0.07)^*	0.647
L/A at birth	−0.28 (−0.36 to −0.20)	<0.001	−0.24 (−0.33 to −0.16)^*	<0.001^†
3 months	−0.36 (−0.44 to −0.27)	<0.001	−0.24 (−0.32 to −0.15)^*	<0.001^†
12 months	−0.36 (−0.44 to −0.28)	<0.001	−0.20 (−0.28 to −0.11)^*	<0.001^†
24 months	−0.42 (−0.50 to −0.34)	<0.001	−0.20 (−0.28 to −0.12)^*	<0.001^†
H/A at 48 months	−0.39 (−0.47 to −0.32)	<0.001	−0.19 (−0.26 to −0.11)^*	<0.001^†
BMI/A at birth	−0.26 (−0.340 to −0.19)	<0.001	−0.27 (−0.37 to −0.16)^*	<0.001^†
3 months	−0.08 (−0.16 to −0.01)	0.036	−0.05 (−0.16 to 0.05)^*	0.321
12 months	0.10 (0.03 to 0.18)	0.007	0.20 (0.11 to 0.28)^*	<0.001^†
24 months	0.03 (−0.04 to 0.11)	0.348	0.12 (0.04 to 0.20)^*	0.005^†
48 months	−0.07 (−0.16 to 0.01)	0.090	0.10 (0.01 to 0.19)^*	0.039
HC/A at birth	−0.31 (−0.40 to −0.22)	<0.001	−0.23 (−0.32 to −0.15)^*	<0.001^†
3 months	−0.25 (−0.32 to −0.17)	<0.001	−0.15 (−0.23 to −0.07)^*	<0.001^†
12 months	−0.18 (−0.25 to −0.10)	<0.001	−0.04 (−0.12 to 0.04)^*	0.310
24 months	−0.20 (−0.28 to −0.13)	<0.001	−0.07 (−0.15 to 0.01)^*	0.094
48 months	−0.22 (−0.30 to −0.15)	<0.001	−0.06 (−0.15 to 0.02)^*	0.146
Paternal smoking
W/A at birth	0.11 (−0.19 to −0.03)	0.008	−0.05 (−0.14 to 0.04)^‡	0.265^†
3 months	−0.14 (−0.22 to −0.06)	<0.001	−0.06 (−0.14 to 0.02)^‡	0.140
12 months	−0.14 (−0.22 to −0.06)	<0.001	−0.06 (−0.14 to 0.02)^‡	0.143
24 months	−0.17 (−0.25 to −0.10)	<0.001	−0.03 (−0.11 to 0.05)^‡	0.496
48 months	−0.21 (−0.30 to −0.13)	<0.001	−0.05 (−0.14 to 0.04)^‡	0.262
L/A at birth	−0.07 (−0.15 to 0.01)	0.106	0.02 (−0.06 to 0.10)^‡	0.614^†
3 months	−0.16 (−0.24 to −0.07)	<0.001	−0.02 (−0.11 to 0.06)^‡	0.543^†
12 months	−0.20 (−0.28 to −0.12)	<0.001	−0.04 (−0.12 to 0.04)^‡	0.276^†
24 months	−0.25 (−0.33 to −0.17)	<0.001	−0.04 (−0.12 to 0.04)^‡	0.317^†
H/A at 48 months	−0.24 (−0.31 to −0.17)	<0.001	−0.04 (−0.12 to 0.03)^‡	0.239^†
BMI/A at birth	−0.10 (−0.18 to −0.03)	0.007	−0.07 (−0.16 to 0.03)^‡	0.169^†
3 months	−0.09 (−0.17 to −0.02)	0.011	−0.13 (−0.23 to −0.03)^‡	0.008
12 months	−0.03 (−0.10 to 0.04)	0.363	−0.05 (−0.13 to 0.03)^‡	0.197^†
24 months	−0.03 (−0.10 to 0.04)	0.363	−0.01 (−0.09 to 0.07)^‡	0.799^†
48 months	−0.09 (−0.17 to −0.01)	0.034	−0.04 (−0.12 to 0.05)^‡	0.440
HC/A at birth	−0.13 (−0.21 to −0.04)	0.003	−0.01 (−0.10 to 0.07)^‡	0.751^†
3 months	−0.14 (−0.21 to −0.06)	<0.001	−0.03 (−0.10 to 0.05)^‡	0.449^†
12 months	−0.16 (−0.23 to −0.09)	<0.001	−0.05 (−0.13 to 0.02)^‡	0.174
24 months	−0.17 (−0.24 to −0.10)	<0.001	−0.04 (−0.12 to 0.04)^‡	0.307
48 months	−0.19 (−0.27 to −0.12)	<0.001	−0.06 (−0.14 to 0.02)^‡	0.162

↵* Adjusted for family income, marital status, schooling, age, skin colour, parity, height, body mass index (BMI), pregnancy duration and paternal smoking.
↵† χ² Test p<0.05 for difference between maternal and paternal coefficients in the adjusted analysis.
↵‡ Adjusted for family income, marital status, schooling, age, skin colour, parity, height, BMI, pregnancy duration and maternal smoking.