Cardiac | Structural lesions |
Acquired/inflammatory conditions (eg, vasculitis, cardiomyopathy) |
Arrhythmias |
Respiratory | Infection |
Pleural disease |
Asthma |
Foreign body |
Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum |
Inhalant irritation |
Dysfunctional breathing |
Thoracic malignancy |
Gastrointestinal | Gastro-oesophageal reflux |
Oesophagitis (reflux, eosinophilic) |
Gastritis |
Oesophageal spasm |
Achalasia |
Oesophageal foreign body |
Pancreatitis |
Subdiaphragmatic abscess |
Musculoskeletal | Slipping rib syndrome |
Tietze's syndrome |
Costochondritis |
Vertebral deformities or collapse |
Myofascial trauma or strain |
Miscellaneous | Precordial catch syndrome |
Stitch |
Breast development |
Herpes zoster |