Demographics and early treatment
| Controls (n=21) | Early oedema (n=15) | Late oedema (n=17) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 10.2±4.9 | 9.9±4.6 | 9.2±4.7 | 0.82 |
| Weight | 40.1±22.2 | 38.9±22.0 | 31.2±15.1 | 0.37 |
| Sex (male %) | 8 (38) | 7 (47) | 8 (47) | 0.80 |
| New diabetes (%) | 11 (52) | 9 (60) | 9 (53) | 0.86 |
| Marcin score at presentation | 1 0±0.7 | 3.6±0.9‡ | 1.3±0.5 | <0.001 |
| Worst Marcin score | 1.2±0.8*‡ | 3.7±1.0 | 3.7±0.9 | <0.001 |
| Biochemical and osmolar-based variables | ||||
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 36.5±14.4 | 37.2±10.8 | 32.1 ±10.4 | 0.43 |
| Serum sodium (mmol/l) | 133±5 | 130±6 | 134±6 | 0.16 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/l) | 4.7±0.9 | 4.8±0.9 | 4.9±1.1 | 0.80 |
| Urea (mmol/l) | 8.2±3.8 | 8.6±5.3 | 8.8±4.1 | 0.91 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/l) | 102±47 | 92±54 | 98±32 | 0.82 |
| Effective osmolality (mOsml/kg H2O) | 302±18 | 296±21 | 299±16 | 0.61 |
| Glucose-corrected sodium (mmol/l) | 142±7 | 139±8 | 141±7 | 0.52 |
| Venous acid–base variables | ||||
| Arterial pH | 6.94±0.05 | 6.93±0.11 | 6.99±0.07 | 0.06 |
| Arterial PCO2 (kPa) | 1.6±0.7 | 1.3±0.9 | 1.8±0.9 | 0.30 |
| Arterial HCO3 (mmol/l) | 2.5±1.1 | 2.0±1.2 | 3.2±1.7 | 0.06 |
| Arterial base excess (mmol/l) | −26.6±1.4 | −27.3±2.1‡ | −25.3±1.9 | 0.007 |
| Anion gap (mmol/l) | 34.3±3.0 | 35.5±5.9 | 35.7±5.0 | 0.60 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Initial insulin rate (units/kg/h) | 0.09±0.02 | 0.11±0.03 | 0.08±0.02 | 0.13 |
| 4 h fluid (ml/kg) | 23±10† | 33±14 | 36±18 | 0.02 |
| 4 h urine output (ml/kg) | 5.8±2.2† | 5.7±2.4† | 3.6±2.1 | 0.008 |
| 4 h net fluid balance (ml/kg) | 18.7±9.5† | 27.8±14.7 | 32.1±18.2 | 0.02 |
| Mechanical ventilation (%) | 0 (0) | 4 (27) | 7 (41) | 0.001 |
| Time to PICU (h) | 6.4±2.2‡ | 7.4±3.3‡ | 12.9±5.4 | <0.001 |
Plus–minus values are mean±SD. Marcin scores were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Insulin rate and time to PICU were non-normal, thus were compared after log transformation.
↵* p<0.01 versus early oedema;
↵† p<0.05 versus late oedema;
↵‡ p<0.01 versus late oedema.
PICU, paediatric intensive care unit.