Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) | 95% CI for OR | p Value | ||
SDQ | Scale | ||||
Rated by parent* | Emotional | 32 (41) | 7 (8) | 1.11 to 1.39 | <0.001 |
Conduct | 18 (23) | 7 (8) | 1.10 to 1.44 | <0.001 | |
Hyperactivity | 17 (22) | 4 (5) | 1.05 to 1.29 | 0.003 | |
Peer relationships | 16 (21) | 10 (12) | 1.00 to 1.29 | 0.048 | |
Rated by student | Emotional | 13 (14) | 0 (0) | 1.11 to 1.39 | <0.001 |
Conduct | 12 (13) | 5 (5) | 1.10 to 1.42 | <0.001 | |
Hyperactivity | 18 (20) | 8 (9) | 1.04 to 1.28 | 0.004 | |
Peer relationships | 9 (10) | 0 (0) | 1.01 to 1.28 | 0.042 | |
DISC interview | Diagnosis | ||||
Past year | Any disorder | 41 (45) | 16 (17) | 1.37 to 4.02 | 0.001 |
Emotional disorders | 29 (31) | 12 (13) | 1.13 to 3.55 | 0.015 | |
Depressive disorders | 16 (17) | 3 (3) | 1.23 to 5.59 | 0.011 | |
Anxiety disorders | 14 (15) | 9 (10) | 0.69 to 2.69 | 0.38 | |
OCD | 13 (14) | 4 (4) | 0.99 to 4.32 | 0.06 | |
PTSD | 5 (5) | 1 (1) | 0.65 to 6.89 | 0.22 | |
Oppositional defiant disorder | 19 (21) | 3 (3) | 1.37 to 5.11 | 0.004 | |
ADHD | 13 (14) | 3 (3) | 1.07 to 5.76 | 0.031 |
*Parent’s report of student’s health was available on 78 cases and 86 controls. ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; DISC, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children; OCD, obsessive compulsive disorder; OR, odds ratio; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (for SDQ, numbers and percentages are for abnormal scores, whereas confidence limits and p values refer to the odds ratio per unit increase across the whole scale from zero to 10).