Gene polymorphisms that influence bone mass
| Receptors | Hormones/cytokines | Enzymes | Bone matrix proteins |
|---|---|---|---|
| *Indicates influence on BMD shown during childhood. | |||
| BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; COLIA1, type I collagen; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IL, interleukin; LRP-5, low density lipoprotein related protein 5; PTH, parathyroid hormone; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone. | |||
| Vitamin D* | IL-6* | Aromatase | COLIA1* |
| Oestrogen (ERα)* | IGF-1* | Collagenase | Osteocalcin* |
| LRP-5* | Leptin* | BMP-4 | |
| Leptin* | PTH | ||
| Androgen | TNF-α | ||
| Glucocorticoid | TGF-β | ||
| PTH | Osteoprotegerin | ||
| TNF | |||
| Calcium | |||
| Calcitonin | |||
| TSH | |||