Memory, attention, and behaviour problems in young adults with CH and sibling controls*
| Outcome | Tests and questionnaires | CH, n = 49 Mean (SD) | Siblings, n = 41 Mean (SD) | Estimated difference (95% CI) | p‡ | Number/% of CH subjects with results <1 SD below sibling mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval. | ||||||
| *Group differences are analysed with a linear mixed model adjusted for age and sex. | ||||||
| †High scores on this test or questionnaire indicate more problems than low scores. | ||||||
| ‡p values are the original ones from the mixed model analysis. B marks those that are significant after Bonferroni correction. | ||||||
| Memory | ||||||
| Visual | RCFT, delayed memory | 22.6 (6) | 24.2 (5) | 1.9 (−0.6 to 4.4) | 0.14 | n = 14/27% |
| CVMT | ||||||
| Immediate memory | 75.2 (7) | 82.9 (6) | 7.7 (5.0 to 10.3) | 0.000B | n = 27/55% | |
| Delayed memory | 3.9 (2) | 6.0 (7) | 2.6 (0.5 to 4.6) | 0.014 | n = 2/4% | |
| Verbal | CAVLT, level of learning | 35 (8) | 39.7 (6) | 5.2 (2.3 to 8.1) | 0.001B | n = 17/35% |
| WMS-R LM | ||||||
| Immediate memory | 14.6 (4) | 18.5 (3) | 4.2 (2.8 to 5.5) | 0.000B | n = 28/57% | |
| Delayed memory | 12.9 (4) | 17.8 (3) | 5.2 (3.6 to 6.8) | 0.000B | n = 34/69% | |
| Attention | ||||||
| Reaction time | CalCAP, reaction time† | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.11 (0.05) | −0.022 (−0.044 to −0.036) | 0.047 | n = 16/33% |
| Distractibility | Trail Making Test (B minus A)† | 56.90 (54) | 39.15 (21) | −25.1 (−40.9 to −9.4) | 0.003B | n = 25/51% |
| Freedom From Distractibility | 95.6 (8) | 104.8 (9) | 9.9 (6.4 to 13.4) | 0.000B | n = 27/55% | |
| DVT | ||||||
| Vigilance | Time to finish† | 446.6 (87) | 408.2 (75) | −36.4 (−72.0 to −8.2) | 0.045 | n = 24/49% |
| Errors† | 4.1 (5) | 2.0 (2) | −2.3 (−3.9 to −6.3) | 0.007B | n = 15/22% | |
| Executive function | Stroop Interference score | 3.12 (6) | 2.74 (7) | −0.5 (−3.7 to 2.6) | 0.73 | n = 6/12% |
| WCST Perseverative responses† | 12.5 (9) | 8.8 (5) | −4.2 (−7.6 to −0.8) | 0.016 | n = 11/22% | |
| Behaviour problems | ||||||
| ASEBA internalising problems† | 50.3 (8) | 43.4 (8) | −6.7 (−9.6 to −3.7) | 0.000B | n = 25/51% | |
| ASEBA externalising problems† | 50.9 (9) | 45.5 (9) | −4.4 (−8.5 to −0.2) | 0.041 | n = 20/41% | |
| ASEBA total problems† | 52.7 (9) | 44.7 (9) | −7.6 (−11.2 to −4.0) | 0.000B | n = 22/45% | |