Clinical characteristics at baseline for all patients and the three treatment groups, respectively
| All | Intervention | Controls | Traditionals | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *National standard Mono-S, on average 1.15% below DCCT level.34 | ||||
| †BG, blood glucose tests (self reported average frequency). | ||||
| Age years | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 12.6 (4.1) | 12.7 (4.1) | 12.5 (4.2) | 12.7 (3.9) |
| Median (range) | 12.7 (2.6–18.9) | 13.5 (3.7–18.7) | 12.7 (2.6–18.6) | 12.6 (4.2–18.9) |
| Duration of type 1 diabetes years, mean (SD) | 5.3 (3.8) | 4.9 (3.5) | 5.6 (4.2) | 5.2 (3.6) |
| Age at onset (years), mean (SD) | 7.3 (3.9) | 7.4 (3.9) | 7.0 (4.1) | 7.7 (3.7) |
| Boys/girls proportion | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.84 |
| No. of daily doses, mean (SD) | 5.3 (0.9) | 5.3 (0.8) | 5.3 (1.0) | 5.3 (0.9) |
| Insulin dose (U/kg), mean (SD) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) |
| HbA1c* (%), mean (SD) | 7.9 (1.5) | 7.8 (1.4) | 7.8 (1.3) | 8.0 (1.8) |
| Daily BGs, mean (SD)† | 2.5 (1.6) | 2.7 (1.7) | 2.4 (1.5) | 2.6 (1.5) |
| Direct acting insulin analogue (Lispro or Aspart) (n) | 230 | 73 | 80 | 77 |
| Pump (n) | 21 | 7 | 6 | 8 |