Cases | Previously reported cases in literature | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | VIII | IX | Previously reported cases in literature | |
*Kalyoncu et al reported the time of onset of symptoms of the patients with amitraz poisoning concerning skin exposure was between 5 minutes and 24 hours, and the ones with oral exposure was between 5 minutes and 6 hours. | ||||||||||
**Kalyoncu et al reported the time before arrival to hospital for the patients with amitraz poisoning concerning skin exposure was 8–26 hours, and the ones with oral exposure was 1–15 hours. | ||||||||||
Age (years) | 8 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 0.83 | 3 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3 | 0.41–80 |
Gender | Female | Male | Female | Male | Male | Male | Male | Female | Female | 81 male, 56 female |
Season | Summer | Spring | Summer | Spring | Summer | Spring | Summer | Spring | Spring | − |
Place of poisoning | Rural | Urban (slum area) | Urban (slum area) | Urban (slum area) | Rural | Urban (slum area) | Urban (slum area) | Urban (slum area) | Rural | 64/64 rural |
Socioeconomic level | Low | Low | Normal | Low | Low | Normal | Low | Low | Low | − |
Type of exposure | Suicidal | Accidental | Accidental | Accidental | Accidental | Accidental | Accidental | Accidental | Accidental | 116 unintentional, 21 suicidal |
Route of poisoning | Oral | Oral | Oral | Oral | Oral | Oral | Oral | Oral | Oral | 99 oral, 17 dermal |
Amount ingested (mg/kg) | 135.9–169 (25–30 ml) | 89.3–133.9 (10–15 ml) | Unknown | Unknown | 89.2 (5 ml) | Unknown | 104–156.2 (10–15 ml) | Unknown | Unknown | 2–50 ml |
Onset of symptoms (minutes) | 30–60 | 30–60 | 90–120 | 30–60 | 30–60 | 30–60 | 30–60 | 30–60 | 30–60 | 36 (<1 hour), 19 (>1 hour), 39 (not reported) Kalyoncu et al reported that the time of onset of symptoms of patients with amitraz poisoning is between 5 minutes and 24 hours* |
Time before arrival to hospital (minutes) | 70 | 45 | 180 | 60 | 60 | 90 | 60 | 60 | 45 | −** |
Complaints at onset | ||||||||||
Vomiting | + | − | + | − | + | + | + | + | + | 59/137 |
Dizziness | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | 1/137 |
Disorientation | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | − |
Respiratory depression | + | − | + | + | − | + | − | − | − | 42/137 |
Abdominal pain | + | − | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Convulsion | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | 12/137 |
Drowsiness | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | 87/137 |
Unconsciousness | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | 76/137 |
Initial signs at physical examination | ||||||||||
Body temperature (°C) | 36.5 | 36 | 37.5 | 35.8↓ | 35.4↓ | 36 | 36.5 | 36.5 | 35.8↓ | 24/137 (<36°C body temperature) 3/137 (≥38°C body temperature) |
Heart rate/min | 104 | 128 | 132↑ | 76↓ | 80↓ | 72↓ | 72↓ | 104 | 111 | 65/137 bradycardia |
Respiratory rate/min | 20 | 34↑ | 32↑ | 32↑ | 32 | 34↑ | 24 | 24 | 16↓ | 48/137 bradypnoea, 2/137 tachypnoea, 2/137 apnoea |
Blood pressure (mm Hg) (systolic/diastolic) | 100/70 | 90/60 | 100/60 | 70/50↓ | 60/35↓ | 70/40↓ | 60/35↓ | 90/55 | 110/70 | 40/137 hypotension, 6/137 hypertension |
Paediatric GCS | 7 | 13 | 9 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 9 | 9 | 9 | − |
Altered mental status | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | 125/137 |
Unconsciousness | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | + | + | 82/137 |
Pupil size | Miosis | Miosis | Miosis | Mydriasis | Miosis | Mydriasis | Miosis | Normal | Miosis | 85/137 miosis, 11/137 mydriasis |
Initial laboratory findings | ||||||||||
Glycosuria | + | − | + | − | + | − | + | + | + | 33/102 glycosuria |
Blood glucose (mg/dl) | 306↑ | 106 | 293↑ | 90 | 215↑ | 94 | 200↑ | 231↑ | 324↑ | 84/137 hyperglycaemia, 1/137 hypoglycaemia |
ALT/AST (U/l) | 31/29 | 43/42 | 55/33 | 44/32 | 65/53 | 32/13 | 33/21 | 10/15 | 81/13 | 16/126 minimal increased ALT/AST |
pH | 7.408 | 7.300 | 7.370 | 7.380 | 7.350 | 7.305 | 7.360 | 7.350 | 7.380 | − |
pCO2 | 52.6 | 39.9 | 39.2 | 39.1 | 39.4 | 38.4 | 36.7 | 43.0 | 32.0 | − |
pO2 | 45.4 | 55.2 | 50.5 | 38.4 | 52.3 | 55.4 | 62.4 | 60.1 | 42.0 | − |
Urinary output | Increased | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Increased | Increased | Increased | 29/116 polyuria |
Atropine (0.02 mg/kg/dose) | − | − | − | − | 3 doses | 2 doses | 1 doses | − | − | Used for 65/137 cases |
Mechanical ventilation | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 17/137 |
Recovery of CNS depression (hours) | 28 | 4 | 7 | 12 | 11 | 22 | 21 | 24 | 6 | 2–48 |
Hypothermia during hospitalisation | − | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Hypotension during hospitalisation | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | − | + | − |
Tachycardia during hospitalisation | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Bradycardia during hospitalisation | + | − | + | − | + | − | − | − | − | − |
Length of stay in the PICU (days) | 3 | 2 | 2.5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1–5 |
Predicted outcome | Cured | Cured | Cured | Cured | Cured | Cured | Cured | Cured | Cured | 2/137 died |