Classification of renal stones in childhood
| Struvite stones (radio-opaque) |
| Associated with urinary tract infections (often proteus) |
| Calcium stones (radio-opaque) |
| See fig 1 |
| Oxalate stones (radio-opaque) |
| Primary hyperoxaluria type I |
| Primary hyperoxaluria type II |
| Enteric hyperoxaluria |
| Idiopathic |
| Uric acid stones (radiolucent) |
| Familial |
| Over production |
| • Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) deficiency |
| • Glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P) deficiency |
| • Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRPs) superactivity |
| • Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) deficiency |
| Hyperuricosuria |
| • Related to high purine diet |
| • Tumourlysis |
| • Chronic volume contraction associated with bicarbonate losses, e.g. chronic diarrhoea, short gut syndrome |
| Stones associated with hypocitraturia |
| Cystine stones (usually radio-opaque) |
| Cystinuria |
| Other metabolic disorders (radiolucent) |
| Xanthinuria |
| Orotic aciduria |