Table 1

Table outlining diagnoses of index and control groups, age, gender, number of participants, and main outcome measures for some of the studies of non-malignant conditions discussed

Study

Index group diagnoses

Control group diagnoses

Number of subjects

Subjects: gender age (years)

No. of controls

Controls: gender age (years)

Main outcome measures used

⁹Pless et al, 1989

Heterogeneous

Birth cohort—no chronic illness

467 at start

Boys > girls

4895 at start

Last assessed 36

^1-150PSE10 aged 36, sociodemographic enquiry

Last assessed 36

⁸Jacobson et al, 1997

IDDM

Acute medical problem same year as subject recruited

29M, 28F

36M, 18F

Sociodemographic enquiry, Symptom Checklist (SCL-90),11 Harter Perceived Competence Scale12

Mean 22.9, SD 2.1

Mean 22.9, SD 2

¹³Kokkonen and Kokkonen, 1993

Heterogeneous

General pop. controls

407

223M, 184F

202

99M, 103F

^1-150PSE10

18–25

¹⁴Kokkonen, 1995

Heterogeneous

General pop. controls

487

265M, 222F

202

99M, 103F

Sociodemographic enquiry

22.1 (19–25)

15 Morton et al, 1994

Renal disorders (paediatric dialysis and transplant prog.)

Healthy controls (GP registers)

21M, 24F

25M, 23F

^1-150SADS-L,16 Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale17

Mean 24.8, SD 3.7

Mean 24.7, range 17–35

18 Reynolds et al, 1993

Renal disorders (as above)

Healthy controls

21M, 24F

25M, 23F

Sociodemographic enquiry, Stress and Social Support Inventory19

Mean 24.8, range 17–35

Mean 25 (4.1)

²⁰Pearson et al, 1991

Cystic fibrosis adults

Cystic fibrosis children

20M, 16F

34M, 27F

EAT,21 STAIC,22CDI,23 STAI,24 ZUNG,25 SCL-9011

24.8 (16–40)

10.96 (8–15)

²⁶Blair et al, 1993

Cystic fibrosis

Anorexia

20M, 9F

(a) 27

(a) 2M, 25F

Structured clinical interview for psychiatric disorder, GHQ27

Healthy controls

19.2 (2.7)

(b) 31

18.7 (3.2)

(b) 8M, 23F

18.2 (2.6)

²⁸Walters et al, 1993

Cystic fibrosis

N/A

866

423M, 397F

N/A

Sociodemographic enquiry

Median 22, 17–67

²⁹David et al, 1994

Juvenile arthritis (JCA)

N/A

M:F, 1:3

N/A

BDI,30 GHQ27

Mean 26.7, SD 7.8

³¹Petersonet al, 1997

Juvenile arthritis

Clinic attenders without JCA

13M, 31F

102

29M, 73F

Sociodemographic enquiry

Median 33.5, 19–45

33.6 (19–49)

³²Utenset al, 1994

Congenital heart disease (surgically corrected)

General population

288

147 M, 141F

336

223M, 113F

Dutch Personality Questionnaire,33 sociodemographic enquiry

Mean age 22.7

Mean 22.2

Sociodemographic information was obtained by self report questionnaire or by interview in different studies.
↵1-150 Validated psychiatric research interview. All other named psychiatric status measures are self report questionnaires.
IDDM, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; PSE, Present State Examination; SADS-L, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Life-time version; GHQ, General Health Questionnaire; EAT, Eating Attitudes Test; STAI(C), Stait–Trait Anxiety Inventory (for Children); CDI, Child Depression Inventory; ZUNG, Zung Self-Report Depression Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory.